Jakarta

Jakarta
Special capital region
Special Capital Region of Jakarta Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta
Golden Triangle of Jakarta Bundaran HI Jakarta Old Town National Museum Maritime Museum Merdeka Palace Monas
Coat of arms Wordmark
Nicknames:  The Big Durian New York Van Java J-Town[1]
Motto(s):  Jaya Raya (Sanskrit) "Victorious and Great"
Interactive map of Jakarta
Jakarta Location In Indonesia Show map of Indonesia Jakarta Location in Asia Show map of Asia
Coordinates: 6°11′S 106°50′E / 6.18°S 106.83°E / -6.18; 106.83
Country	Indonesia
Region	Java
Metropolitan area	Jabodetabek
Administrative cities and regencies	List Central Jakarta North Jakarta South Jakarta West Jakarta East Jakarta Thousand Islands
First settled	400 BC (Buni pottery culture)
First mentioned	358 AD (Tugu inscription)
Foundation	22 June 1527; 498 years ago (1527-06-22)[2]
Establishment	30 May 1619; 406 years ago (1619-05-30)[3]
City status	4 March 1621; 405 years ago (1621-03-04)[2]
Province status	28 August 1961; 64 years ago (1961-08-28)[2]
Capital	Central Jakarta (de facto)[a]
Government
• Type	Special administrative region
• Body	Special Region of Jakarta Provincial Government
• Governor	Pramono Anung (PDI-P)
• Vice Governor	Rano Karno
• Legislature	Jakarta Regional House of Representatives (DPRD)
Area
• Special capital region	660.982 km2 (255.207 sq mi)
• Urban	3,546 km2 (1,369 sq mi)
• Metro	7,076.31 km2 (2,732.18 sq mi)
• Rank	38th in Indonesia
Elevation	8 m (26 ft)
Population  (mid 2024)[4]
• Special capital region	10,684,946
• Rank	6th province in Indonesia 1st city in Indonesia
• Density	16,165.3/km2 (41,867.8/sq mi)
• Urban [5]	35,386,000
• Urban density	9,979/km2 (25,850/sq mi)
• Metro [6]	32,594,159
• Metro density	4,606.10/km2 (11,929.7/sq mi)
Demonym	Jakartan
Demographics
• Ethnic groups (2010)	36.17% Javanese 28.29% Betawi 14.61% Sundanese 6.62% Chinese 3.42% Batak 10.89% others
• Religion (2022)[7]	83.3% Islam 12.45% Christianity 8.56% Protestantism 3.89% Catholicism 3.5% Buddhism 0.75% Hinduism, Folk, Confucianism, and others
• Languages and dialects	Indonesian (official) Betawi (both lingua franca)
GDP (Nominal, 2023) [8][9]
• Special region	Rp 3,442.98 trillion US$ 225.88 billion Int$ 724.01 billion (PPP)
• Per capita	Rp 322.62 million US$ 21,166 Int$ 67,842 (PPP)
• Metro	Rp 6,404.70 trillion US$ 420.192 billion Int$ 1.346 trillion (PPP)
Time zone	UTC+07:00 (WIB)
Postal codes	10110–14540 19110–19130
Area code	+62 21
ISO 3166 code	ID-JK
Vehicle registration	B
HDI (2024)	0.850[10] (1st) – very high
Website	www.jakarta.go.id

Jakarta,^[b] officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta,^[c][11] is the de facto capital and largest city of Indonesia and an autonomous region with a status equivalent to that of a province. It is located on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, bordered by the province of West Java to the south and east and Banten to the west. Its coastline faces the Java Sea to the north, and it shares a maritime border with Lampung to the west.

Jakarta's metropolitan area has an estimated population of 41.9 million as of 2025, making it the most populated city in the world and therefore of Southeast Asia and largest urban area in Indonesia.^[12][13] Although Jakarta extends over only 661.23 square kilometres (255.30 square miles) and thus has the smallest area of any Indonesian province, its metropolitan area covers 7,076.31 square kilometres (2,732.18 square miles).

Jakarta is the economic, cultural, and political centre of Indonesia, and the ASEAN's second largest economy after Singapore. It ranks first among the Indonesian provinces in the human development index. Jakarta is an alpha world city according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia, Indonesia Stock Exchange, and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city, as well as the ASEAN secretariat's seat.

Jakarta is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Southeast Asia. Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa, the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom. At one time, it was the overseas administrative center of the Dutch East India Company, as well the Imperial Dutch capital of the Dutch East Indies, when it was known as Batavia. Jakarta was officially a city within West Java until 1960 when its official status was changed to a province with special capital region distinction. As a province, its government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency.

Jakarta's main challenges include rapid urban growth, ecological breakdown, air pollution, gridlocked traffic, congestion, and flooding due to subsidence and water extraction (sea level rise is relative, not absolute). Part of North Jakarta is sinking up to 17 centimetres (6.7 inches) annually; meanwhile, the southern part is relatively safe. This has made the northern part of the city more prone to flooding and one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world. In response to these challenges, in August 2019, President Joko Widodo announced plans to move the capital from Jakarta to the planned city of Nusantara, in the province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. The MPR approved the move on 18 January 2022. The Indonesian government is not abandoning Jakarta after announcing plans to move the country's capital, its planning minister said, pledging to spend US$40 billion, which is more than the cost to build Nusantara, to save the city in the next decade.^[14]

Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements. Below is the list of names used during its existence:

The Buni people is a prehistoric clay pottery culture that flourished in coastal northern West Java, Jakarta, and Banten around 400 BC to 100 AD^{[15][page needed]} and survived until 500 AD.

Sundapura is the name mentioned in the Tugu inscription from Tarumanagara, a kingdom in coastal West Java. The strategic geographical position of coastal West Java, which corresponds to today modern Jakarta, is a commanding region that controls the Sunda Strait. This location is strategic in regard to Sumatra and also its connection to Asian continent of India and China.

After the fall of the Tarumanagara, the name of city was changed to 'Sunda Kelapa' or 'Coconut of Sunda,' growing to be the main harbour for the Sunda Kingdom due to its desirable location.^[16][17]

The name "Jakarta" is derived from the word Jayakarta (Devanagari: जयकर्त), which is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit जय jaya (victorious),^[18] and कृत krta (accomplished, acquired),^[19] thus Jayakarta translates as 'victorious deed', 'complete act', or 'complete victory'. It was named for the Muslim troops of Fatahillah which successfully defeated and drove the Portuguese away from the city in 1527, eventually renaming it 'Jayakarta.'^[20] Tomé Pires, a Portuguese apothecary, wrote the name of the city in his magnum opus as Jacatra or Jacarta during his journey to the East Indies.^[21]

After the Dutch East India Company took over the area in 1619, they renamed it 'Batavia', after the Batavi, a Germanic tribe who were seen as the ancestors of the Dutch. The city was then also known as Koningin van het Oosten (Queen of the Orient), a name that was given for the urban beauty of downtown Batavia's canals, mansions and ordered city layout.^[22] After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this nickname came to be more associated with the suburbs (e.g. Menteng and the area around Merdeka Square), with their wide lanes, green spaces and villas.^[23]

During the Japanese occupation, the city was renamed as Jakaruta Tokubetsu-shi (ジャカルタ特別市; Jakarta Special City).^[16] After the Japanese surrender, the name was changed to 'Jakarta'.^[16]

The north coast area of western Java including Jakarta was the location of prehistoric Buni culture that flourished from 400 BC to 100 AD.^[24] The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the 4th-century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara, one of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia.^[25] The area of North Jakarta around Tugu became a populated settlement in the early 5th century. The Tugu inscription (probably written around 417 AD) discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, Koja, North Jakarta, mentions that King Purnawarman of Tarumanagara undertook hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river and the Gomati river near his capital.^[26] Following the decline of Tarumanagara, its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda. From the 7th to the early 13th century, the port of Sunda was under the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written circa 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century that Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java (Sunda).^[27] The source says the port of Sunda was strategic and thriving, mentioning pepper from Sunda as among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture, and their houses were built on wooden piles.^[28] The harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa (Sundanese: ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮨᮜᮕ, romanized: Sunda Kalapa) and by the 14th century, it was an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom.

The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca, arrived in 1513 while looking for a route to obtain spices.^[29] The Sunda Kingdom made an alliance treaty with the Portuguese by allowing them to build a port in 1522 to defend against the rising power of the Demak Sultanate from central Java.^[20] In 1527, Fatahillah, a Pasai-born military commander of Demak, attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta,^[20] and became a fiefdom of the Banten Sultanate, which became a major Southeast Asian trading centre.

Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta of the Banten Sultanate, Dutch ships arrived in 1596. In 1602, an English East India Company (EIC) voyage led by Sir James Lancaster arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Banten, where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the centre of English trade in the Indonesian archipelago until 1682.^[30] Jayawikarta is thought to have made trading connections with the English merchants, who were rivals with the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615.^[29]

When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. His army and their EIC allies, however, were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of Jan Pieterszoon Coen. The Dutch burned the EIC trading post and forced them to retreat to their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power, and they renamed the city Batavia in 1619.^{[citation needed]}

Commercial opportunities in the city attracted native and especially Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. Following a revolt, 5,000 Chinese were massacred by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740, and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok outside the city walls.^[31] At the beginning of the 19th century, around 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a number that changed little during the following decades. Among the commodities traded were fabrics, mainly imported cotton, batik and clothing worn by Arab communities.^[32]

The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced residents to move away from the port. The Koningsplein, now Merdeka Square was completed in 1818, the housing park of Menteng was started in 1913,^[33] and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area.^[31] By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants,^[34] including 37,067 Europeans.^[35] The city was expanded in 1935 through the annexation of the town of Meester Cornelis, modern Jatinegara.^[36]

On 5 March 1942, the Japanese captured Batavia from Dutch control, and the city was named Jakarta (Jakarta Special City (ジャカルタ特別市, Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi), under the special status that was assigned to the city). After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognised until full Indonesian independence on 27 December 1949. The city, renamed Jakarta, was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia.

After World War II ended, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945,^[37] and the government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month. During the Indonesian National Revolution, Indonesian republicans withdrew from Allied-occupied Jakarta and established their capital in Yogyakarta.

After securing full independence, Jakarta again became the national capital in 1950.^[31] With Jakarta selected to host the 1962 Asian Games, Sukarno, envisaging Jakarta as a great international city, instigated large government-funded projects with openly nationalistic and modernist architecture.^[38] Projects included a cloverleaf interchange, a major boulevard (Jalan MH Thamrin-Sudirman), monuments such as The National Monument, Hotel Indonesia, a shopping centre, and a new building intended to be the headquarters of CONEFO. In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of an abortive coup attempt in which six top generals were killed, precipitating a violent anti-communist purge which killed at least 500,000 people, including some ethnic Chinese.^[39] The event marked the beginning of Suharto's New Order. The first government was led by a mayor until the end of 1960 when the office was changed to that of a governor. The last mayor of Jakarta was Soediro until he was replaced by Soemarno Sosroatmodjo as governor.

In 1966, Jakarta was declared a 'special capital region' (Daerah Khusus Ibukota), with a status equivalent to that of a province separated from West Java.^[40] Based on law No. 5 of 1974 relating to regional governments, the Jakarta Special Capital Region was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of the country's then 26 provinces.^[41] Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin served as governor from 1966 to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, and built hospitals and a large number of schools. He cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects — some for the benefit of the Suharto family,^[42]— and attempted to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty.^[43] Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom that transformed the face of Jakarta.^[44] The boom ended with the 1997 Asian financial crisis, putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest, and political manoeuvring.

After three decades in power, support for President Suharto began to wane. Tensions peaked when four students were shot dead at Trisakti University by security forces. Four days of riots and violence in 1998 ensued that killed an estimated 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings, forcing Suharto to resign.^[45] Much of the rioting targeted Chinese Indonesians.^[46] In the post-Suharto era, Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia.^[47] Jemaah Islamiyah-connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005,^[31] with another in 2009.^[48] In August 2007, Jakarta held its first-ever election to choose a governor as part of a nationwide decentralisation program that allows direct local elections in several areas. Previously, governors were elected by the city's legislative body.^[49]

Between 2016 and 2017, a series of terrorist attacks rocked Jakarta with scenes of multiple suicide bombings and gunfire. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi claimed responsibility for the attacks on behalf of Islamic State.

During the Jokowi presidency, the Government adopted a plan to move Indonesia's capital to Nusantara after 17 August 2024,^[50] but this has not occurred due to delays.^[51]

On 30 November 2024, President Prabowo Subianto signed Law No. 151/2024, which changed Jakarta's designation from a Special Capital Region to a Special Region, a change that applies to the titles of the governor and the Jakarta Regional House of Representatives.^[52][53]

Jakarta covers 661.23 square kilometres (255.30 sq mi), the smallest among any Indonesian provinces. However, its metropolitan area covers 6,392 square kilometres (2,468 sq mi), which extends into the two bordering provinces of West Java and Banten.^[54] The Greater Jakarta area includes three bordering regencies (Bekasi Regency, Tangerang Regency and Bogor Regency) and five adjacent cities (Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, Tangerang and South Tangerang).

Jakarta is situated on the northwest coast of Java, at the mouth of the Ciliwung River on Jakarta Bay, an inlet of the Java Sea. It is strategically located near the Sunda Strait. The northern part of Jakarta is plain land, some areas of which are below sea level,^[55] and subject to frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. It is one of only two Asian capital cities located in the southern hemisphere (along with East Timor's Dili). Officially, the area of the Jakarta Special District is 661.23 km² (255 sq mi) of land area and 6,977 km² (2,694 sq mi) of sea area.^[56] The Thousand Islands, which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city.

Jakarta lies in a flat, low alluvial plain, ranging from −2 to 91 metres (−6.6 to 298.6 feet) with an average elevation of 8 metres (26 feet) above sea level with historically extensive swampy areas. Some parts of the city have been constructed on reclaimed tidal flats that occur around the area.^[57] Thirteen rivers flow through Jakarta. They are Ciliwung River, Kalibaru, Pesanggrahan, Cipinang, Angke, Maja, Mookervart, Krukut, Buaran, West Tarum, Cakung, Petukangan, Sunter River and Grogol River.^[58][59] They flow from the Puncak highlands to the south of the city, then across the city northwards towards the Java Sea. The Ciliwung River divides the city into the western and eastern districts. These rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to flooding.

Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 inches) each year, and up to 20 centimetres (7.9 inches) in the northern coastal areas. After a feasibility study, a ring dyke known as Giant Sea Wall Jakarta is under construction around Jakarta Bay to help cope with the threat from the sea. The dyke will be equipped with a pumping system and retention areas to defend against seawater and function as a toll road. The project is expected to be completed by 2025.^[60] In January 2014, the central government agreed to build two dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a 1.2-kilometre (0.75-mile) tunnel from Ciliwung River to Cisadane River to ease flooding in the city.^[61] Nowadays, a 1.2-kilometre (0.75-mile), with capacity 60 cubic metres (2,100 cubic feet) per second, underground water tunnel between Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal is being worked on to ease the Ciliwung River overflows.^[62] In 2023, the New York Times reported that in some places Jakarta is sinking up to 12 inches (30 centimetres) annually.^[63]

Environmental advocates point out that subsidence is driven by the extraction of groundwater, much of it illegal. Furthermore, the government's lack of strict regulation amplifies the issue as many recently built high-rise buildings, corporations, and factories around Jakarta opt for illegally extracting groundwater. In fact, in a recent inspection of 80 buildings in Jalan Thamrin, a busy road lined with skyscrapers and shopping malls, 56 buildings had a groundwater pump, and 33 were pumping groundwater illegally.^[64] This could be halted by stopping extraction (as the city of Tokyo has done), increasing efficiency, and finding other sources for water use. Moreover, increasing regulation through higher taxes or limiting groundwater pumping has proven to help cities like Shanghai, Tokyo, and San Jose relieve their subsidence issue.^[65] The rivers of Jakarta are highly polluted and currently unsuitable for drinking water.^[66]

Jakarta faces significant air pollution, particularly during the dry season from August to December. Dry air during this period allows pollutants to remain suspended in the atmosphere for extended periods, contributing to poor air quality.^[67][68]

Jakarta experiences a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen: Am), bordering on a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af). as classified by the system. The city's wet season spans most of the year, from October to May. The dry season lasts from June to September, with each of these months receiving less than 100 millimetres (3.9 inches) of rainfall on average. Situated in the western part of Java, Jakarta sees its highest rainfall in January and February, averaging 299.7 millimetres (11.8 in) per month, while the driest month is August, with an average rainfall of 43.2 millimetres (1.7 in).^[69]

Every year faces recurring issues, such as floods and thunderstorms. A cyclonic vortex leads to moisture convergence over a large area, including western Java Island. Additionally, this vortex causes a mainly meridional monsoon flow, where near-surface winds blow almost perfectly from north to south over West Java. The impact of these predominant northerly winds hitting the rugged topography in southern West Java likely contributes to the increased convection that causes floods in Jakarta.^[70]

Average temperatures are very high with moderate rainfall. During the day, the temperature usually hovers around 32 °C (89.6 °F) but drops to about 24 °C (75.2 °F) in the evening. These are average temperatures, and some days can be hotter. It's advisable to dress appropriately to handle the heat. January is the rainiest month, with over 300 millimetres (11.8 in) of precipitation, whereas August is the driest, with around 45 millimetres (1.8 in) of rainfall. The average temperature in the coldest month (February) is 27 °C (80.6 °F), and in the warmest month (October), it is 28 °C (82.4 °F). Sea temperatures range from 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) in August to 29.5 °C (85.1 °F) in March, April, November, and December.^[71][72] Record low temperatures in Jakarta recorded 18.9 °C (66.0 °F), while the highest record reached 37.9 °C (100.2 °F).^[73]

Climate data for Jakarta
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F)	28.0 (82.0)	28.0 (82.0)	29.0 (84.0)	30.0 (86.0)	30.0 (86.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)
Mean daily daylight hours	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0
Average Ultraviolet index	13	13	13	13	11	10	10	12	13	13	13	13	12
Source: Weather Atlas[78]

Most cityscape in Jakarta includes landmarks, monuments, and statues were begun in the 1960s during the Sukarno era, then completed in the Suharto era, while some date from the colonial period. Although many of the projects were completed after his presidency, Sukarno, who was an architect, is credited for planning Jakarta's monuments and landmarks, as he desired the city to be the beacon of a powerful new nation. Among the monumental projects that were built, initiated, and planned during his administration are the National Monument, Istiqlal mosque, the Legislature Building, and the Gelora Bung Karno stadium. Sukarno also built many nationalistic monuments and statues in the capital city.^[79]

The most famous landmark, which became the symbol of the city, is the 132-metre-tall (433-foot) obelisk of the National Monument (Monumen Nasional or Monas) in the centre of Merdeka Square. On its southwest corner stands a Mahabharata-themed Arjuna Wijaya chariot statue and fountain. Further south through Jalan M.H. Thamrin, one of the main avenues, the Selamat Datang monument stands on the fountain in the centre of the Hotel Indonesia roundabout. Other landmarks include the Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral, and the Immanuel Church. The former Batavia Stadhuis, Sunda Kelapa port in Jakarta Old Town is another landmark. The Autograph Tower in Central Jakarta, at 382.9 metres is the tallest building in Indonesia. The most recent landmark built is the Jakarta International Stadium.

Some of the statues and monuments are nationalist, such as the West Irian Liberation Monument, the Tugu Tani, the Youth statue, and the Dirgantara Monument. Some statues commemorate Indonesian national heroes, such as the Diponegoro and Kartini statues in Merdeka Square. The Sudirman and Thamrin statues are located on the streets bearing their names. There is also a statue of Sukarno and Hatta at the Proclamation Monument as well as at the entrance to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport.

Jakarta has architecturally significant buildings spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Arabic, Chinese, and Dutch influences.^[80] External influences inform the architecture of the Betawi house. The houses were built of nangka wood (Artocarpus integrifolia) and comprised three rooms. The shape of the roof is reminiscent of the traditional Javanese joglo.^[81] Additionally, the number of registered cultural heritage buildings has increased.^[82]

Colonial buildings and structures include those that were constructed during the colonial period. The dominant colonial styles can be divided into three periods: the Dutch Golden Age (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century – 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Colonial architecture is apparent in houses and villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices, mostly concentrated in the Jakarta Old Town and Central Jakarta. Architects such as J.C. Schultze and Eduard Cuypers designed some of the significant buildings. Schultze's works include Jakarta Art Building, the Indonesia Supreme Court Building and Ministry of Finance Building, while Cuypers designed Bank Indonesia Museum and Mandiri Museum. In the early 20th century, most buildings were built in Neo-Renaissance style. By the 1920s, the architectural taste had begun to shift in favour of rationalism and modernism, particularly art deco architecture. The elite suburb Menteng, developed during the 1910s, was the city's first attempt at creating ideal and healthy housing for the middle class. The original houses had a longitudinal organisation, with overhanging eaves, large windows, and open ventilation, all practical features for a tropical climate.^[83] These houses were developed by N.V. de Bouwploeg, and established by P.A.J. Moojen.

After independence, the process of nation-building in Indonesia and demolishing the memory of colonialism was as important as the symbolic building of arterial roads, monuments, and government buildings. The National Monument in Jakarta, designed by Sukarno, is Indonesia's beacon of nationalism. In the early 1960s, Jakarta provided highways and super-scale cultural monuments as well as Senayan Sports Stadium. The parliament building features a hyperbolic roof reminiscent of German rationalist and Corbusian design concepts.^[84] Built-in 1996, Wisma 46 soars to a height of 262 metres (860 feet) and its nib-shaped top celebrates technology and symbolises stereoscopy.

The urban construction boom continued during the 21st century. The Golden Triangle of Jakarta is one of the fastest evolving CBD's in the Asia-Pacific region.^[85] According to CTBUH and Emporis, there are 88 skyscrapers that reach or exceed 150 metres (490 feet), which puts the city in the top 10 of world rankings.^[86] It has more buildings taller than 150 metres than any other Southeast Asian or Southern Hemisphere cities.

In June 2011, Jakarta had only 10.5% green open spaces (Ruang Terbuka Hijau), although this grew to 13.94%. Public parks are included in public green open spaces.^[87] There are about 300 integrated child-friendly public spaces (RPTRA) in the city in 2019.^[88] As of 2014, 183 water reservoirs and lakes supported the greater Jakarta area.^[89]

• Merdeka Square (Medan Merdeka) is an almost 1 km² field housing the symbol of Jakarta, Monas or Monumen Nasional (National Monument). Until 2000, it was the world's largest city square. The square was created by Dutch Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels (1810) and was originally named Koningsplein (King's Square). On 10 January 1993, President Soeharto started the beautification of the square. Features include a deer park and 33 trees that represent the 33 provinces of Indonesia.^[90]
• Ancol Dreamland is the largest integrated tourism area in Southeast Asia. It is located along the bay, at Ancol in North Jakarta.
• Lapangan Banteng (Buffalo Field) is located in Central Jakarta near Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral, and Jakarta Central Post Office. It covers about 4.5 hectares. Initially, it was called Waterlooplein and functioned as a ceremonial square during the colonial period. During the Sukarno era, colonial buildings and memorials that were erected in the square during the colonial period were destroyed and the most famous monument in this square is the West Irian Liberation Monument.^[91]
• Pasar Baru is a market established during the colonial era and still standing today. It boasts historical relics from Western, Chinese, and Indian influences, blending with local culture. It is the oldest market in Jakarta.^[92]
• Jakarta History Museum describes the history of the city of Jakarta. This museum is located on the south side of Fatahillah Square (former Batavia city square) near Wayang Museum and the Fine Art and Ceramic Museum.^[93]
• Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (Miniature Park of Indonesia), in East Jakarta, has ten mini-parks.
• National Gallery of Indonesia is an art gallery and museum in Jakarta, Indonesia. This art gallery was established as a cultural institution in the field of fine arts on 8 May 1999. The institution plays an important role in expanding the public's awareness of artworks through preservation, development, and exploitation of the visual arts in Indonesia.^[94]
• Suropati Park is located in Menteng, Central Jakarta. The park is surrounded by Dutch colonial buildings. Taman Suropati was known as Burgemeester Bisschopplein during colonial times. The park is circular-shaped with a surface area of 16,322 m² (175,690 sq ft). Several modern statues were made for the park by artists of ASEAN countries, which contributes to its nickname 'Taman persahabatan seniman ASEAN' ('Park of the ASEAN artists friendship').^[95]
• Menteng Park was built on the site of the former Persija football stadium. Situ Lembang Park is also located nearby, which has a lake at the centre.
• Kalijodo Park is the newest park, in Penjaringan subdistrict, with 3.4 ha (8.4 acres) beside the Krendang River. It formally opened on 22 February 2017. The park is open 24 hours as a green open space (RTH) and child-friendly integrated public space (RPTRA) and has international-standard skateboard facilities.^[96]
• Muara Angke Wildlife Sanctuary and Angke Kapuk Nature Tourism Park at Penjaringan in North Jakarta.^[97]
• Tebet Eco Park, Puring Park, Mataram Park, Langsat Park, Ayodya Park and Martha Christina Tiahahu Literacy Park in South Jakarta.^[98][99]
• Ragunan Zoo Park is located in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta. It is the largest park in Jakarta and world's third-oldest zoo and the second-largest with the most diverse animal and plant populations.^[100]
• Glodok is an area known as Pecinan or Chinatown since the Dutch colonial era, and is considered the largest in Indonesia.
• National Museum of Indonesia is an archaeology, history, ethnology, and geographical museum whose extensive collections cover the entire territory of Indonesia and almost all of its history. This museum has attempted to preserve Indonesia's heritage for two centuries.^[101]
• Setu Babakan is a 32-hectare lake surrounded by Betawi cultural village, located at Jagakarsa, South Jakarta.^[102] Dadap Merah Park is also found in this area.
• UI Forest is the largest Urban forest in Jakarta. It located at South Jakarta bordering with Depok, West Java.^[103]
• National Library of Indonesia is the legitimate deposit of literature, manuscripts, and archival books from the state of Indonesia. It is located in Gambir, south side of Merdeka Square, Jakarta. The earliest collection comes from the library of the National Museum, opened in 1868 and previously operated by the Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences.^[104][105]
• Taman Waduk Pluit/Pluit Lake park and Putra Putri Park at Pluit, North Jakarta.^[106]
• Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex The Gelora Bung Karno complex is one of the largest sports activity centres in Indonesia and is often used for sporting activities by Jakarta residents.^[107]
• Taman Literasi Martha Christina Tiahahu Literacy Park Martha Christina Tiahahu Is City Park And Literacy Park In Blok M business and shopping quarter located in Blok M Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta, Indonesia.
• GBK City Park is the city park in Golden Triangle of Jakarta, located within Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex.^[108]
• Pantai Indah Kapuk (PIK) is often the most sought-after residential area for wealthy Chinese Indonesians, featuring large houses in exclusive, gated clusters. This area never floods, even though it is close to a flood-prone district. Although most of Pantai Indah Kapuk is a residential area, there are businesses and tourist attractions on the main roads such as North Beach, South Beach, and Marina Indah. Ruko Cordoba and Crown Golf on Jalan Marina Indah are very popular with restaurants and cafes. PIK is one of the nightlife areas in Jakarta, full of nightclubs, discos, bars, and cafes.^[109]

Jakarta attracts people from across Indonesia, often in search of employment. The 1961 census showed that 51% of the city's population was born in Jakarta.^[110] Inward immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs.^[41] The Ministry of Home Affairs (Kemendagri) tabulates its own data, which has improved since ID cards were required in the last decade, lists Jakarta's population at 11,261,595 at yearend 2021.

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1945	600,000	—
1950	1,800,000	+200.0%
1960	2,678,740	+48.8%
1970	3,915,406	+46.2%
1980	6,700,000	+71.1%
1990	8,174,756	+22.0%
2000	8,389,759	+2.6%
2010	9,625,579	+14.7%
2020	10,562,088	+9.7%
2024	10,684,946	+1.2%
Note: Census figures cover the actual and projected populations of the largest Asian urban agglomerations.[111] According to the Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics, 23 per cent of urban residents live in poverty. With a population of 7.9 million in 1985, Jakarta accounted for 19 per cent of the total Indonesia urban population.[112] Source: [113]

Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled, and during the period 1980–1990, the city's population grew annually by 3.7%.^[114] The 2010 census counted some 9.58 million people, well above government estimates.^[115] The population rose from 4.5 million in 1970 to 9.5 million in 2010, counting only legal residents, while the population of Greater Jakarta rose from 8.2 million in 1970 to 28.5 million in 2010. As of 2014, the population of Jakarta stood at 10 million,^[116] with a population density of 15,174 people/km².^[117][118] In 2014, the population of Greater Jakarta was 30 million, accounting for 11% of Indonesia's overall population.^[119] It is predicted to reach 35.6 million people by 2030 to become the world's biggest megacity.^[120] The gender ratio was 102.8 (males per 100 females) in 2010,^[121] and 101.3 in 2014.^[122]

Jakarta is pluralistic and religiously diverse, without a majority ethnic group. As of 2010, 36.17% of the city's population were Javanese, 28.29% Betawi (locally established mixed race, cemented by diverse creole), 14.61% Sundanese, 6.62% Chinese, 3.42% Batak, 10.89% Minangkabau, Malays, Indo, Madurese, Bugis, Indians and many others.^{[123][failed verification]}

The 'Betawi' (Orang Betawi, or 'people of Batavia') are immigrant descendants of the old city who became widely recognised as an ethnic group by the mid-19th century. They mostly descend from an eclectic mix of Southeast Asians brought or attracted to meet labour needs.^[124] They are thus a Creole ethnic group who came from much of Indonesia. Over generations, most have intermarried with one or more ethnicities, especially people of Chinese, Arab, and European descent.^[125] Most Betawis lived in the fringe zones with few Betawi-majority zones of central Jakarta.^[126] It is thus a conundrum for some first generation Betawi people, especially multi-generational Jakarta residents, to identify as either their parents' ethnicity or Betawi since living in a Betawi-majority district and speaking more of that creole and adapting is a matter of preference for such families.

A significant Chinese community has lived in Jakarta for many centuries. They traditionally reside around old urban areas, such as Pinangsia, PIK, Pluit and Glodok (often hailed as Jakarta's Chinatown) areas. They also can be found in the old Chinatowns of Senen and Jatinegara. As of 2001 they self-identified as being 5.5% of the population, which was thought of as under-reported;^[127] this explains the 6.6% figure ten years later. A smaller but still notable population of Indians have also lived in the city in the past few centuries, with the majority of them residing within Pasar Baru, which is also hailed as Jakarta's Little India.^[128]

The Sumatran residents are diverse. According to the 2020 census, roughly 361,000 Batak; 300,960 Minangkabau and 101,370 Malays lived in the city. The number of Batak people has grown in ranking, from eighth in 1930 to fifth in 2000. Toba Batak is the largest subset in Jakarta.^[129] Working Minangkabau in the 1980s in high proportions were well-embedded merchants, artisans, doctors, teachers or journalists.^[130][131] Minang merchants are found in traditional markets, such as Tanah Abang and Senen.^[132]

Indonesian is the official and dominant language of Jakarta, while many elderly people speak Dutch or Chinese, depending on their upbringing. English is used for communication, especially in Central and South Jakarta.^[133] Each of the ethnic groups uses their mother tongue at home, such as Betawi, Javanese, and Sundanese. The Betawi language is distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese, forming itself as a language island in the surrounding area. It is mostly based on the East Malay dialect and enriched by loan words from Dutch, Portuguese, Sundanese, Javanese, Chinese, and Arabic. Over time, many Betawi words and phrases became integrated into Indonesian as Jakartan slang and are used by most people regardless of their ethnic background. It is now popular not only in Jakarta, but all over Indonesia.

The Chinese in Jakarta mainly speak Indonesian and English due to a strict language ban during the Soeharto New Order era; older people may be fluent in Hokkien dialect or other Chinese languages, meanwhile the younger generation are fluent in Indonesian and English, some educated in Mandarin. With the recent urbanisation of Chinese communities from several rural areas in Indonesia, other Chinese dialects have been brought into the Chinese community in Jakarta, such as Hakka, Teochew and Cantonese. Hokkien, which is mainly from Sumatra (Medan, Bagansiapiapi, Batam) is mostly spoken in Northern Jakarta, such as in Pantai Indah Kapuk, Pluit, and Kelapa Gading, meanwhile Hakka and Teochew, which are derived from the Chinese communities in Pontianak and Singkawang, are mainly spoken in West Jakarta, like in Tambora and Grogol Petamburan. The Batak in Jakarta mostly speak Indonesian, while the older generation tend to speak their native languages, such as Batak Toba, Mandailing, and Karo, depending on which ancestral towns and places in North Sumatra they came from. The Minangkabau mainly speak Minangkabau together with Indonesian.

Sundanese language as the native language of the Sundanese people, as well as the language of Sunda Kalapa, the old name of Jakarta, is still used by the native population in several administrative villages in Jakarta. Most of them are in East Jakarta, namely in Pondok Ranggon and Jatinegara Kaum [id]. In Pondok Ranggon, the language used by the native people is Bogor Sundanese [id],^[134] while in Jatinegara Kaum, especially in RW 03, they use Banten Sundanese,^[135] because they are descendants of the Banten prince's troops.^[136] Apart from that, Sundanese language is also spoken in other places, one of which is in the Thousand Islands, specifically on Lancang Besar [id].^[137]

Jakarta is home to numerous educational institutions. The University of Indonesia (UI) is the largest and oldest tertiary-level educational institution in Indonesia. It is a public institution with campuses in Salemba (Central Jakarta) and in Depok.^[138] The three other public universities in Jakarta are Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, the State University of Jakarta (UNJ),^[139] University of Pembangunan Nasional 'Veteran' Jakarta (UPN "Veteran" Jakarta),^[140] and Universitas Terbuka or Indonesia Open University.^[141] There is a vocational higher education, Jakarta State Polytechnic. Some major private universities in Jakarta are Trisakti University, The Christian University of Indonesia, Mercu Buana University, Tarumanagara University, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Pelita Harapan University, Pertamina University,^[142] Bina Nusantara University,^[143] Jayabaya University,^[144] Persada Indonesia "YAI" University,^[145] and Pancasila University.^[146]

STOVIA (School tot Opleiding van Indische Artsen (School for Education of Native Physicians), now University of Indonesia) was the first college in Jakarta, established in 1851.^[147] Jakarta houses many students from around Indonesia, many of whom reside in dormitories or home-stay residences. For basic education, a variety of primary and secondary schools are available, tagged with the public (national), private (national and bi-lingual national plus), and international labels. Four of the major international schools are the British School Jakarta, Gandhi Memorial Intercontinental School, IPEKA Integrated Christian School,^[148] and the Jakarta Intercultural School. Other international schools in Jakarta metropolitan area include the ACG School Jakarta, Australian Independent School,^[149] Bina Bangsa School, Deutsche Schule Jakarta, Global Jaya School, Jakarta Indonesia Korean School, Jakarta Japanese School,^[150] Jakarta Multicultural School,^[151] Jakarta Taipei School, Lycée français de Jakarta, New Zealand School Jakarta, North Jakarta Intercultural School, Sekolah Pelita Harapan, and Singapore Intercultural School.

In 2024, Jakarta's religious composition was distributed over Islam (83.83%), Protestantism (8.6%), Catholicism (3.9%), Buddhism (3.46%), Hinduism (0.18%), Confucianism (0.017%), and about 0.013% of population claimed to follow folk religions.^[152]

Most pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) in Jakarta are affiliated with the traditionalist Nahdlatul Ulama,^[153] modernist organisations mostly catering to a socioeconomic class of educated urban elites and merchant traders. They give priority to education, social welfare programs, and religious propagation.^[154] Many Islamic organisations have headquarters in Jakarta, including Nahdlatul Ulama, Indonesian Ulema Council, Muhammadiyah, Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah, and Jaringan Islam Liberal.

The Roman Catholic community has a Metropolis, the Archdiocese of Jakarta that includes West Java and Banten provinces as part of the ecclesiastical province. Jakarta also hosts the largest Buddhist adherents in Java, where most of the followers are Chinese. Schools of Buddhism practised in Indonesia vary, including Theravāda, Mahāyāna, Vajrayana, and Tridharma. The city also has a Hindu community, which mainly are Balinese and Indian people. There is also a Sikh and Baháʼí Faith community presence in Jakarta.^[155]

Indonesia is the largest economy of ASEAN, and Jakarta is the economic nerve centre of the Indonesian archipelago. Jakarta's nominal GDP was US$203.702 billion and PPP GDP was US$602.946 billion in 2021, which is about 17% of Indonesia's GDP.^[157] According to the Japan Center for Economic Research, GRP per capita of Jakarta will rank 28th among the 77 cities in 2030 from 41st in 2015, the largest in Southeast Asia.^[158] Savills Resilient Cities Index has predicted Jakarta to be within the top 20 cities in the world by 2028.^[159][160] Jakarta's economy depends highly on manufacturing and service sectors such as banking, trading and finance. Industries include electronics, automotive, chemicals, mechanical engineering, and biomedical sciences. The head office of Bank Indonesia and the Indonesia Stock Exchange are located in the city. Most of the SOEs including Pertamina, PLN, Angkasa Pura, and Telkomsel operate head offices in the city, as do major Indonesian conglomerates, such as Salim Group, Sinar Mas Group, Astra International, Gudang Garam, Kompas-Gramedia, CT Corp, Emtek, and MNC Group. The headquarters of the Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry and Indonesian Employers Association are also located in the city. As of 2017, the city is home to six Forbes Global 2000, two Fortune 500 and seven Unicorn companies.^{[161][162][163]}

Google and Alibaba have regional cloud centres in Jakarta.^[164] In 2017, economic growth was 6.22%.^[165] Throughout the same year, the total value of the investment was Rp 108.6 trillion (US$8 billion), an increase of 84.7% from the previous year.^[166] In 2021, nominal GDP per capita was estimated at Rp 274.710 million (US$19,199).^[157] The most significant contributions to GRDP were by the finance, ownership and business services (29%); the trade, hotel and restaurant sector (20%), and the manufacturing industry sector (16%).^[41]

The Wealth Report 2015 by Knight Frank reported that 24 individuals in Indonesia in 2014 had wealth of at least US$1 billion and 18 live in Jakarta.^[167] The cost of living continues to rise. Both land prices and rents have become expensive. Mercer's 2017 Cost of Living Survey ranked Jakarta as the 88th costliest city in the world for expatriates.^[168] Industrial development and the construction of new housing thrive on the outskirts, while commerce and banking remain concentrated in the city centre.^[169] Jakarta has a bustling luxury property market. Knight Frank, a global real estate consultancy based in London, reported in 2014 that Jakarta offered the highest return on high-end property investment in the world in 2013, citing a supply shortage and a sharply depreciated currency as reasons.^[170]

As of 2015, with a total of 550 hectares, Jakarta had the largest shopping mall floor area within a single city.^[171][172] Malls include Plaza Indonesia, Grand Indonesia, Sarinah, Plaza Senayan, Senayan City, Pacific Place, Gandaria City, ÆON Mall Jakarta Garden City and Tanjung Barat, Mall Taman Anggrek, Central Park Mall, as well as Pondok Indah Mall.^[173] Fashion retail brands in Jakarta include Debenhams at Senayan City and Lippo Mall Kemang Village,^[174] Japanese Sogo,^[175] Seibu at Grand Indonesia Shopping Town, and French brand, Galeries Lafayette, at Pacific Place. The Satrio-Casablanca shopping belt includes Kuningan City, Mal Ambassador, Kota Kasablanka, and Lotte Shopping Avenue.^[176] Shopping malls are also located at Grogol and Puri Indah in West Jakarta.

Traditional markets include Blok M, Mayestik, Tanah Abang, Senen, Pasar Baru, Glodok, Mangga Dua, Cempaka Mas, and Jatinegara. Special markets sell antique goods at Jalan Surabaya and gemstones in Rawabening Market.^[177]

Though Jakarta has been named the most popular location as per tag stories,^[178] and ranked eighth most-posted among the cities in the world in 2017 on image-sharing site Instagram,^[179] it is not a top international tourist destination. The city, however, is ranked as the fifth fastest-growing tourist destination among 132 cities according to MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index.^[180] The World Travel and Tourism Council also listed Jakarta as among the top ten fastest-growing tourism cities in the world in 2017^[181] and categorised it as an emerging performer, which will see a significant increase in tourist arrivals in less than ten years.^[182] According to Euromonitor International's latest Top 100 City Destinations Ranking of 2019, Jakarta ranked at 57th among 100 most visited cities of the world.^[183] Most of the visitors attracted to Jakarta are domestic tourists. As the gateway of Indonesia, Jakarta often serves as a stop-over for foreign visitors on their way to other Indonesian tourist destinations such as Bali, Lombok, Komodo Island and Yogyakarta. In 2023 about 1.97 million foreign tourists visited the city.^[184]

Jakarta is trying to attract more international tourists through MICE tourism, and arranging increasing numbers of conventions.^[185][186] In 2012, the tourism sector contributed Rp. 2.6 trillion (US$268.5 million) to the city's total direct income of Rp. 17.83 trillion (US$1.45 billion), a 17.9% increase from the previous year 2011.

As the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta is a melting pot of cultures from all ethnic groups in the country. Although Betawi people are Jakarta's indigenous community, the city's culture represents many languages and ethnic groups, favouring differences in religion, tradition, and linguistics, rather than a single, dominant culture. Jakarta is dominated by Javanese people, followed by Betawi people, and Sundanese people.

The Betawi culture is distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese, forming a language island in the surrounding area. There is a significant Chinese influence in Betawi culture, reflected in the popularity of Chinese cakes and sweets, firecrackers, and Betawi wedding attire that demonstrates Chinese and Arab influences.

Some festivals such as the Jalan Jaksa Festival, Kemang Festival, Condet Festival, and Lebaran Betawi include efforts to preserve Betawi arts by inviting artists to display performances.^{[187][188][189]} Mixed Sundanese–Betawi culture can also be found in Pondok Ranggon, southeasternmost tip of Jakarta, namely Sedekah Bumi Keramat Ganceng Festival.^[190] Jakarta has several performing art centres, such as the classical concert hall Aula Simfonia Jakarta in Kemayoran, Taman Ismail Marzuki (TIM) art centre in Cikini, Gedung Kesenian Jakarta near Pasar Baru, Balai Sarbini in the Plaza Semanggi area, Bentara Budaya Jakarta in the Palmerah area, Pasar Seni (Art Market) in Ancol, and traditional Indonesian art performances at the pavilions of some provinces in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah. Traditional music is often found at high-class hotels, including Wayang and Gamelan performances. Javanese Wayang Orang performances can be found at Wayang Orang Bharata Theatre.

Arts and culture festivals and exhibitions include the annual ARKIPEL – Jakarta International Documentary and Experimental Film Festival, Jakarta International Film Festival (JiFFest), Djakarta Warehouse Project, Jakarta Fashion Week, Jakarta Muslim Fashion Week, Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival (JFFF), Jakarnaval, Jakarta Night Festival, Kota Tua Creative Festival, Indonesia International Book Fair (IIBF), Indonesia Comic Con, Indonesia Creative Products and Jakarta Arts and Crafts exhibition. Art Jakarta is a contemporary art fair, which is held annually. Flona Jakarta is a flora-and-fauna exhibition, held annually in August at Lapangan Banteng Park, featuring flowers, plant nurseries, and pets. Jakarta Fair is held annually from mid-June to mid-July to celebrate the anniversary of the city and is mostly centred around a trade fair. However, this month-long fair also features entertainment, including arts and music performances by local musicians. Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival (JJF) is one of the largest jazz festivals in the world, the biggest in the Southern Hemisphere, and is held annually in March.

Several foreign art and culture centres in Jakarta promote culture and language through learning centres, libraries, and art galleries. These include the Chinese Confucius Institute, the Dutch Erasmus Huis, the British Council, the French Institut Français d'Indonésie, the German Goethe-Institut, the Japan Foundation, the Korean Cultural Center, the Turkish Yunus Emre Institute and the Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Cultural Centre.

All varieties of Indonesian cuisine have a presence in Jakarta. The local cuisine is Betawi cuisine, which reflects various foreign culinary traditions. Betawi cuisine is heavily influenced by Malay-Chinese Peranakan cuisine, Sundanese, and Javanese cuisine, which is also influenced by Indian, Arabic, and European cuisines. One of the most popular local dishes of Betawi cuisine is Soto Betawi which is prepared from chunks of beef and offal in rich and spicy cow's milk or coconut milk broth. Other popular Betawi dishes include soto kaki, nasi uduk (mixed rice), kerak telor (spicy omelette), nasi ulam, asinan, ketoprak, rujak and gado-gado Betawi (salad in peanut sauce). Jakarta cuisine can be found in modest street-side warung food stalls and Hawkers travelling vendors to high-end fine dining restaurants.^[191] Live music venues and exclusive restaurants are abundant.^[192] Many traditional foods from far-flung regions in Indonesia can be found in Jakarta. For example, traditional Padang restaurants and low-budget Warteg (Warung Tegal) food stalls are ubiquitous in the capital. Other popular street foods include nasi goreng (fried rice), sate (skewered meats), pecel lele (fried catfish), bakso (meatballs), bakpau (Chinese bun) and siomay (fish dumplings).

Jalan Sabang,^[193][194] Jalan Sidoarjo, Jalan Kendal at Menteng area, Kota Tua, Blok S, Blok M,^[195] Jalan Tebet,^[196] are all popular destinations for street-food lovers. Minangkabau street-food who sell Nasi Kapau, Sate Padang, and Soto Padang can be found at Jalan Kramat Raya and Jalan Bendungan Hilir in Central Jakarta.^[197] Chinese street-food is plentiful at Jalan Pangeran, Manga Besar and Petak Sembilan in the old Jakarta area, while the Little Tokyo area of Blok M has many Japanese style restaurants and bars.^[198]

Trendy restaurants, cafe and bars can be found at Menteng, Kemang,^[199] Jalan Senopati,^[200] Kuningan, Senayan, Pantai Indah Kapuk,^[201] and Kelapa Gading. Lenggang Jakarta is a food court, accommodating small traders and street vendors,^[202] where Indonesian foods are available within a single compound. At present, there are two such food courts, located at Monas and Kemayoran.^[203] Thamrin 10 is a food and creative park located at Menteng, where varieties of food stall are available.^[204]

Global fast-food chains are present and usually found in Shopping malls, along with local brands like Bakmi GM, Kopi Kenangan, Sederhana, Richeese Factory, Solaria, D'Cost, Roti Bunz, Klenger Burger, Janji Jiwa, Tomoro, J'CO, Es Teler 77, Kebab Turki, CFC, and Japanese HokBen and Yoshinoya.^[205] Foreign cuisines such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Singaporean, Indian, American, Australian, Malaysian, French, Mediterranean cuisines like Maghrebi, Turkish, Italian, Middle Eastern cuisine, and modern fusion food restaurants can all be found in Jakarta.

Jakarta has hosted numerous major international sporting events and serves as one of Indonesia’s principal centres for sport. The city hosted the 1962 Asian Games,^[206] and co-hosted the 2018 Asian Games with Palembang.^[207] It has also hosted the Southeast Asian Games several times, including in 1979, 1987, 1997, and 2011. Major football tournaments have also taken place in the city; the Gelora Bung Karno Stadium was one of the venues for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup, hosting group-stage matches as well as the quarter-final and final.^{[208][209][210]} Following the success of the 2018 Asian Games, Jakarta submitted a bid to host the 2032 Summer Olympics, although the Games were ultimately awarded to Brisbane.

The city contains several large sporting venues and complexes. The Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex in Senayan is Jakarta’s main sporting hub and includes facilities for football, athletics, aquatic sports, tennis, and indoor arena sports. Other major venues include the Jakarta International Stadium, a retractable-roof football stadium completed in 2022, the Jakarta International Velodrome in Rawamangun,^[211] and the Jakarta International Equestrian Park in Pulomas, both of which were developed or renovated for the 2018 Asian Games.^[212] Indoor arenas such as the BritAma Arena and facilities in Kelapa Gading are also used for national basketball competitions and other sporting events.

Football is the most popular sport in Jakarta. The city’s main professional club is Persija, which competes in Indonesia’s top football league, Liga 1, while Persitara plays in the lower-tier Liga 3. Jakarta also hosts large-scale sporting events such as the Jakarta Marathon, established in 2013 and recognised by international athletics organisations, attracting thousands of participants from many countries each year.^[213][214]

In addition to professional sports, recreational and community sporting activities are common in the city. One well-known example is the Jakarta Car-Free Day, held regularly on major central avenues such as Jalan Sudirman and Jalan Thamrin, when sections of the roads are closed to motor vehicles. During these events, residents participate in activities such as jogging, cycling, aerobics, and other outdoor sports.^[215] Jakarta has also hosted international motorsport events, including the Formula E Jakarta ePrix, first held in 2022 at the Ancol Circuit, North Jakarta.^[216]

Jakarta is the centre of Indonesia’s national media industry and hosts most of the country’s major newspapers, broadcasters, and publishing companies. Several national newspapers are based in the city, including Kompas and Media Indonesia, while local newspapers such as Pos Kota and Warta Kota focus primarily on news and events within the capital. A number of specialised publications are also produced in Jakarta, including business newspapers such as Bisnis Indonesia and Investor Daily, as well as the sports newspaper Super Ball.

The city is also home to several newspapers published in foreign languages for national and international audiences. English-language publications include The Jakarta Post and the online news outlet The Jakarta Globe. Chinese-language newspapers such as Harian Indonesia (印尼星洲日报), and Guoji Ribao (国际日报) circulate among the Indonesian Chinese community, while the Japanese-language newspaper The Daily Jakarta Shimbun (じゃかるた新聞) serves Japanese readers in Indonesia.

Radio broadcasting remains an important part of Jakarta’s media landscape. Dozens of stations operate in the metropolitan area, including both public and private networks. National radio networks based in Jakarta include Prambors FM, Hard Rock FM, and Delta FM, while public broadcasting services are provided by Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI). Local stations such as Gen FM and Radio Elshinta also broadcast from the city.

Jakarta is likewise the headquarters of Indonesia’s public television broadcaster TVRI and several private national television networks, including Metro TV, tvOne, Kompas TV, and RCTI. The city also has local television stations such as TVRI Jakarta, JakTV, and Elshinta TV. In recent years, Indonesia has begun transitioning from analogue broadcasting to digital television using the DVB-T2 standard as part of a nationwide digital migration programme.^[217]

Jakarta has a special administrative status equivalent to that of a province within Indonesia. The provincial government is led by a directly elected governor and vice governor, while legislative authority is exercised by the Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, DPRD DKI Jakarta), whose members are elected through provincial elections. The governor’s office and main administrative headquarters are located at the Jakarta City Hall, south of Merdeka Square.

The provincial administration oversees five administrative cities (kota administrasi)—Central Jakarta, West Jakarta, South Jakarta, East Jakarta, and North Jakarta—and one administrative regency, the Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu). Each administrative city is headed by a mayor (walikota) and the regency by a regent (bupati), all of whom are appointed by the governor rather than directly elected. These administrative units are further divided into districts (kecamatan).

At the national level, Jakarta is represented in Indonesia’s national legislature. The province elects 21 members to the People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR) from three electoral districts. Jakarta I corresponds to East Jakarta, Jakarta II includes Central and South Jakarta together with Indonesian voters residing overseas,^[218] and Jakarta III comprises North and West Jakarta as well as the Thousand Islands. Like all Indonesian provinces, Jakarta also sends four representatives to the Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD), the upper chamber of parliament.

The provincial government has also promoted digital governance initiatives. One example is the Jakarta Smart City (JSC) programme, launched in 2014 to improve urban management through data integration, online services, and mobile applications aimed at enhancing public services, mobility, environmental monitoring, and civic participation.^[219]

Public safety in Jakarta is primarily the responsibility of the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Regional Police (Polda Metro Jaya), which oversees law enforcement across the Jakarta metropolitan area. It is led by a two-star police general (Kapolda Metro Jaya). The Indonesian Army, led by a Major General (Pangdam Jaya), also maintains a regional command in the city, the Jayakarta Military Regional Command (Kodam Jaya), which functions as part of the national defence structure and supports security operations in coordination with civilian authorities when required.

Jakarta’s provincial government relies heavily on transfers from the national government for much of its revenue. Locally generated income is derived mainly from taxes, including vehicle ownership and vehicle transfer fees.^[220] Despite significant fiscal resources, the provincial administration often records budget surpluses—typically between 15 and 20 percent of planned spending—largely due to delays in procurement and other administrative inefficiencies.^[221][222]

Public expenditure has prioritised sectors such as education, transportation infrastructure, flood control, environmental management, and social services including healthcare and housing.^[223] Jakarta’s regional budget (Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah, APBD) has grown steadily in recent years, reaching approximately Rp77.1 trillion in 2017, Rp83.2 trillion in 2018, and Rp89 trillion in 2019.^{[224][225][226]}

Jakarta is divided into five administrative cities (Kota Administratif) and one administrative regency (Kabupaten Administratif), each headed by a mayor or regent. Unlike other Indonesian municipalities, these administrative divisions do not have their own local legislatures and remain directly subordinate to the provincial government of Jakarta. Each administrative city is further divided into districts (Kecamatan).

The five administrative cities are Central Jakarta, West Jakarta, South Jakarta, East Jakarta, and North Jakarta, while the Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu) form the province’s sole administrative regency.^[227] Central Jakarta is the smallest of the municipalities and serves as the political and administrative centre of the capital, containing major national landmarks such as the National Monument (Monas), Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral, and several national museums.^[228]

West Jakarta has a high concentration of small-scale industries and contains parts of Jakarta Old Town,^[229] including Dutch colonial era buildings such as Toko Merah and structures displaying Chinese architectural influence. South Jakarta, originally planned as a satellite city, has developed into an important commercial and affluent residential area, hosting major shopping centres and parts of Jakarta’s central business district, including the Golden Triangle around Kebayoran Baru and Setiabudi.^[230]

East Jakarta is characterised by large industrial zones^[231] and several major facilities, including Taman Mini Indonesia Indah and Halim Perdanakusuma Airport. North Jakarta borders the Java Sea and contains the Port of Tanjung Priok, Indonesia’s busiest seaport, as well as the Ancol Dreamland tourism complex.^[232] The Thousand Islands regency consists of more than one hundred small islands in the Java Sea and is known for its marine ecosystems and tourism activities such as diving and island recreation.

Jakarta's cities/municipalities (Kota Administratif)

Name of City or Regency	Area in km2	Pop'n 2010 census[233]	Pop'n 2020 census[234]	Pop'n mid 2024 estimate[235]	Pop'n density (per km2) in mid 2024	HDI [236] 2021 estimates
South Jakarta	144.942	2,062,232	2,226,812	2,230,653	15,390	0.849 (Very High)
East Jakarta	185.538	2,693,896	3,037,139	3,086,010	17,172	0.829 (Very High)
Central Jakarta	47.565	902,973	1,056,896	1,044,297	21,955	0.815 (Very High)
West Jakarta	124.970	2,281,945	2,434,511	2,479,571	19,841	0.817 (Very High)
North Jakarta	147.212	1,645,659	1,778,981	1,815,606	12,333	0.805 (Very High)
Thousand Islands	10.725	21,082	27,749	28,809	2,686	0.721 (High)

Jakarta has undertaken major infrastructure development projects aimed at improving urban livability and addressing long-standing challenges such as traffic congestion, flooding, and inadequate public services. One large-scale initiative is a ten-year urban regeneration programme valued at approximately Rp571 trillion (US$40.5 billion), which focuses on expanding public transportation, improving clean water and wastewater systems, upgrading housing, and strengthening flood-control infrastructure.^[237]

Transportation in Jakarta reflects the scale and density of the Greater Jakarta metropolitan area, which has a population of more than 40 million. Although the city historically prioritized road development to accommodate private vehicles,^[238] recent policies have increasingly focused on expanding public transportation and improving mobility. Jakarta received the 2021 Global Sustainable Transport Award in recognition of efforts to integrate its public transit system,^[239] though transport infrastructure continues to grapple with keeping pace with population growth.^[240][241]

Road transport remains dominant in the city. Jakarta’s road system includes an extensive toll road network consisting of inner and outer ring roads and several radial expressways connecting the city with surrounding regions. Traffic congestion has long remained a significant problem,^[242] and policies such as the "odd–even" vehicle restriction system have been introduced to limit road use by private cars on certain days as a transitional measure before the planned implementation of electronic road pricing.

Public transportation has expanded significantly since the 2010s and now includes several mass transit systems serving the wider metropolitan area. These include the TransJakarta bus rapid transit system, the Jakarta MRT and LRT, the KRL Commuterline suburban railway, and the Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link. Transit-oriented developments such as Dukuh Atas and CSW–ASEAN have been built to improve integration between different transport modes. By 2023, public transport services covered approximately 86% of the city, with a target of reaching 95%.

Jakarta is served by several major transportation hubs. Soekarno–Hatta International Airport is the main gateway for air travel to the Greater Jakarta region, while Halim Perdanakusuma Airport handles limited domestic and private flights. The city’s principal seaport is Tanjung Priok, Indonesia’s busiest port, which connects Jakarta with other parts of the archipelago. Smaller ports such as Sunda Kelapa and Muara Angke^[243] support traditional shipping and ferry services, including connections to the Thousand Islands.

Jakarta has an extensive healthcare system consisting of both public and private facilities. In 2012, then Jakarta Governor Joko Widodo introduced the 'Healthy Jakarta Card' (Kartu Jakarta Sehat, KJS),^[244] a regional universal healthcare programme aimed at expanding access to medical services for residents. In January 2014, the Indonesian government launched a nationwide universal healthcare system known as the 'National Health Insurance' (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional, JKN), administered by the Social Security Agency on Health (BPJS Kesehatan).^[245] The Jakarta programme was later integrated into the national scheme,^[246] and KJS cards remained valid until 2018.^[247] As of 2021, approximately 85.55% of Jakarta's population was covered by the JKN programme.^[248]

Public healthcare facilities in the city include major government-run hospitals such as the Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital, as well as community hospitals and local public health centres (puskesmas). While public hospitals generally provide a good standard of care, they are often overcrowded due to high demand. Private hospitals and clinics also play an important role in Jakarta’s healthcare system. The sector has expanded since 2010, when the Indonesian government allowed foreign investment in private healthcare services. Some facilities are operated by nonprofit or religious organisations, while many others are run by private hospital groups such as Siloam, Pondok Indah Hospital Group, and Mitra Keluarga.^{[249][250][251]}

Jakarta’s piped water supply is operated through a concession system involving private companies and a public asset holder. Since 1998, two private operators—PALYJA and Aetra—have provided piped water services in the western and eastern parts of the city respectively under concession agreements, while the infrastructure is owned by the public company PAM Jaya. Much of the city’s water supply originates from the West Tarum Canal system, which carries water from the Jatiluhur reservoir on the Citarum River, about 70 km (43 mi) southeast of Jakarta. The water supply system was originally privatised in 1998, when concessions were granted to the French company Suez Environnement and the British company Thames Water. These companies later transferred their stakes to Indonesian operators. During the early years of the concession system, customer growth was slower than expected, partly due to tariff increases adjusted for inflation. Tariffs were later frozen in 2005, which reduced investment by private operators.

Access to piped water has improved over time but remains uneven across the city. According to PALYJA data, service coverage in western Jakarta increased from about 34% in 1998 to 65% in 2010,^[252] while access in eastern Jakarta rose from roughly 57% in 1998 to around 67% in 2004 before stagnating.^[d][253] However, some independent studies have estimated much lower levels of direct household access, with figures as low as 25% in 2005 and 18.5% in 2011.^[254][255] Many residents without piped water rely on groundwater wells, which are often saline or contaminated. As of 2017, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources reported that Jakarta was facing a significant clean water crisis.^[256]

Jakarta hosts numerous foreign embassies and serves as the headquarters of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),^[257] making the city an important diplomatic centre in Southeast Asia. It also participates in several international urban networks, including the Asian Network of Major Cities 21, C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and ASEAN Smart Cities Network.

Jakarta signed sister city agreements with other cities, including Casablanca. To promote friendship between the two cities, the main avenue famous for its shopping and business centres was named after Jakarta's Moroccan sister city. No street in Casablanca is named after Jakarta. However, the Moroccan capital city of Rabat has an avenue named after Sukarno, Indonesia's first president, to commemorate his visit in 1960 and as a token of friendship.^[258]

Jakarta's sister cities are:^[259]

Jakarta also has established a partnership with Rotterdam, especially on integrated urban water management, including capacity-building and knowledge exchange.^[261] This cooperation is mainly because both cities are dealing with similar problems; they lie in low-lying flat plains and are prone to flooding. Additionally, they have both implemented drainage systems involving canals, dams and pumps vital for both cities for below-sea-level areas.

In addition to its sister cities, Jakarta cooperates with:^[259]

• Arkansas, United States
• Budapest, Hungary
• New South Wales, Australia
• Paris, France
• Rotterdam, Netherlands

• Betawi people
• Climate change in Indonesia
• Greater Jakarta
• List of tallest buildings in Jakarta
• Outline of Jakarta
• Transport in Jakarta

• Official website
• Jakarta Archived 16 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine (official travel website)
• Geographic data related to Jakarta at OpenStreetMap