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Extragalactic planet

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SWEEPS-04 (imaged, artist's impression) and SWEEPS-11 are not extragalactic but are currently the most distant exoplanets discovered

An extragalactic planet, also known as an extragalactic exoplanet or an extroplanet,[1] is a star-bound planet or rogue planet located outside of the Milky Way Galaxy. Due to the immense distances to such worlds, they have been very hard to detect directly. However, indirect evidences suggest that such planets exist.[2][3][4][5][6] Nonetheless, the most distant individually confirmed planets are SWEEPS-11 and SWEEPS-04, located in Sagittarius, approximately 27,710 light-years from the Sun, while the Milky Way is about 87,400 light-years in diameter. This means that even galactic planets located further than that distance have not been individually confirmed.

Confirmed extragalactic planets

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Confirmed from gravitational microlensing

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A population of unbound planets between stars, with masses ranging from Lunar to Jovian masses, was indirectly detected, for the first time, by astrophysicists from the University of Oklahoma in 2018, in the lensing galaxy that lenses quasar RX J1131-1231 by microlensing.[2][3][4] Later, two other similar populations were detected in the galaxies of the galaxy-quasar lensing systems Q J0158-4325 and SDSS J1004+4112, whose foreground members are 3.6 billion and 6.3 billion light-years away, respectively. These objects also could be a mix of low-mass rogue planets and primordial black holes.[5][6]

Candidate extragalactic planets

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Candidates from gravitational microlensing

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A microlensing event in the Einstein Cross-gravitational lensing system was observed in 1989 by M. J. Irwin and a team of researchers. They recorded a sharp brightness spike in the "A" image of the split background quasar, ruling out intrinsic quasar variability. Applying realistic galactic velocity models to the 420-day duration narrowed the lens mass down to approximately 1.6 MJ, making it the earliest mathematical candidate for an extragalactic planet.[7] Later statistical macro-modeling in 2024 supported the presence of a population of similar free-floating, planetary-mass objects within the lens galaxy, known as Huchra's lens.[8] This candidate planetary population is located roughly 400 million light-years away.

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A microlensing event in the Twin Quasar gravitational lensing system was observed in 1996, by R. E. Schild, in the "A" lobe of the lensed quasar. It is predicted that a 3-Earth-mass planet in the lensing galaxy, YGKOW G1, caused the event. This was one of the first extragalactic planet candidates announced. This, however, is not a repeatable observation, as it was a one-time chance alignment. This predicted planet lies 4 billion light years away.[9][10]

PA-99-N2 b

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Main article: PA-99-N2

A team of scientists has used gravitational microlensing to come up with a tentative detection of an extragalactic exoplanet in Andromeda, the Milky Way's nearest large galactic neighbor. The lensing pattern fits a star with a smaller companion, PA-99-N2, weighing just around 6.34 times the mass of Jupiter. This suspected planet is the first announced in the Andromeda Galaxy.[11][12]

Candidates from Fast radio burst periodicity

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FRB 20180916B b

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In 2022, a study proposed that a planet in a highly eccentric orbit with an orbital period of 16.25 days to explain the periodic bursts of FRB 20180916B, where a planet reaches periastron and interacts with the proposed magnetar, causing the periodic bursts. It has been proposed that this Fast radio burst-planet has a mass of around 2.87 M🜨.[13] If it is proven to be caused by a interacting planet and a magnetar, this would make it the most distant individually known planet, at a distance of around 486 million light-years away in the host spiral galaxy SDSS J015800.28+654253.0.

Candidates around extragalactic black-holes and X-ray binaries

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IGR J12580+0134

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In 2016, a tidal disruption event was detected on the 9,150,000 M☉ supermassive black hole IGR J12580+0134, which was caused by the destruction of a 8–40 MJ object by the black hole. IGR J12580+0134 is 17 million parsecs (55 million light-years) away from Earth.[14]

M51-ULS-1b

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Main article: M51-ULS-1
Artistic impression of M51-ULS-1 b in Celestia.

In September 2020, the detection of a candidate planet orbiting the high-mass X-ray binary M51-ULS-1 in the Whirlpool Galaxy was announced. The planet was detected by eclipses of the X-ray source, which consists of a stellar remnant (either a neutron star or a black hole) and a massive star, likely a B-type supergiant.[1] The planet is 0.7 RJ or around 50,000 kilometers in radius[15] and orbit at a distance of some tens of AU.[1][16] The study of M51-ULS-1b as the first known extragalactic planet candidate was published in Nature in October 2021.[17]

Candidates around formerly extragalactic stars

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Disrupted planets of runaway stars

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The subdwarf star HD 134440, which is currently located in galactic halo and has extragalactic origin, was found to have a significantly higher metallicity than the similar star HD 134439. In 2018, research by Henrique Reggiani and Jorge Melendez concluded that this may have resulted from an engulfment of orbiting planets by HD 134440.[18]

BD+20 2457 b and BD+20 2457 c

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The bright giant star BD+20 2457 was proposed to host two super-Jupiter planets or brown dwarfs, although the claimed planetary system is not dynamically stable.[19] As BD+20 2457 is a halo star possibly having formed in the Gaia Enceladus, which are galactic remains of a former galaxy, the star and its planets might be extragalactic in origin.[20]

Refuted extragalactic planets

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Artistic rendering of HIP 13044 and its planet, their origins may be extragalactic

HIP 13044 b

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A planet with a mass of at least 1.25 times that of Jupiter had been potentially discovered by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) orbiting a star of extragalactic origin, even though the star currently has been absorbed by our own galaxy. HIP 13044 is a star about 2,000 light years away in the southern constellation of Fornax,[21] part of the Helmi stream of stars, a leftover remnant of a small galaxy that collided with and was absorbed by the Milky Way over 6 billion years ago.[22]

However, subsequent analysis of the data revealed problems with the potential planetary detection: for example an erroneous barycentric correction had been applied (the same error had also led to claims of planets around HIP 11952 that were subsequently refuted). After applying the corrections, there is no evidence for a planet orbiting the star.[23] If it had been real, the Jupiter-like planet would have been particularly interesting, orbiting a star nearing the end of its life and seemingly about to be engulfed by it, potentially providing an observational model for the fate of our own planetary system in the distant future.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Di Stefano, Rosanne; Berndtsson, Julia; Urquhart, Ryan; et al. (2021-10-25). "A possible planet candidate in an external galaxy detected through X-ray transit". Nature Astronomy. 5 (12): 1297–1307. Bibcode:2021NatAs...5.1297D. doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01495-w. ISSN 2397-3366. Retrieved 2026-05-28.
  2. ^ a b Dai, Xinyu; Guerras, Eduardo (2 February 2018). "Probing Planets in Extragalactic Galaxies Using Quasar Microlensing". The Astrophysical Journal. 853 (2): L27. arXiv:1802.00049. Bibcode:2018ApJ...853L..27D. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaa5fb. S2CID 119078402.
  3. ^ a b Zachos, Elaine (5 February 2018). "More Than a Trillion Planets Could Exist Beyond Our Galaxy - A new study gives the first evidence that exoplanets exist beyond the Milky Way". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  4. ^ a b Mandelbaum, Ryan F. (5 February 2018). "Scientists Find Evidence of Thousands of Planets in Distant Galaxy". Gizmodo. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  5. ^ a b Bhatiani, Saloni; Dai, Xinyu; Guerras, Eduardo (November 2019). "Confirmation of Planet-mass Objects in Extragalactic Systems". The Astrophysical Journal. 885 (1): 77. arXiv:1909.11610. Bibcode:2019ApJ...885...77B. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab46ac. ISSN 0004-637X.
  6. ^ a b Lazaro, Enrico de (November 2019). "Free-Floating Planet-Mass Objects are Common in Galaxies | Sci.News". Sci.News: Breaking Science News. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
  7. ^ Irwin, M. J.; Webster, R. L.; Hewett, P. C.; Corrigan, R. T.; Jedrzejewski, R. I. (December 1989). "Photometric variations in the components of the gravitational lens system 2237 + 030". The Astronomical Journal. 98: 1989. doi:10.1086/115276.
  8. ^ Artem, Tuntsov (January 2024). "Free-floating "planets" in the macrolensed quasar Q2237+0305". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 528 (2): 1979. arXiv:2401.05590. Bibcode:2024MNRAS.528.1979T. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae133.
  9. ^ Schilling, Govert (6 July 1996). "Do alien worlds throng faraway galaxy?". New Scientist. No. 2037.
  10. ^ Extrasolar Visions, "The Q0957+561 Planet" Archived 2012-03-30 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 1 September 2009)
  11. ^ "First extragalactic exoplanet may have been found by gravitational microlensing". Thaindian News. 11 June 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-06-24.
  12. ^ Battersby, Stephen (10 June 2009). "First extragalactic exoplanet may have been found". New Scientist.
  13. ^ Kurban 阿布都沙塔尔, Abdusattar ·库尔班; Huang 黄, Yong-Feng 永锋; Geng 耿, Jin-Jun 金军; Li 李, Bing 兵; Xu 许, Fan 帆; Wang 王, Xu 旭; Zhou 周, Xia 霞; Esamdin 艾力, Ali ·伊沙木丁; Wang 王, Na 娜 (2022-03-01). "Periodic Repeating Fast Radio Bursts: Interaction between a Magnetized Neutron Star and Its Planet in an Eccentric Orbit". The Astrophysical Journal. 928 (1): 94. arXiv:2102.04264. Bibcode:2022ApJ...928...94K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac558f. ISSN 0004-637X.
  14. ^ Lei, Wei-Hua; Yuan, Qiang; Zhang, Bing; Wang, Daniel (December 2015). "Igr J12580+0134: The First Tidal Disruption Event with an Off-Beam Relativistic Jet". The Astrophysical Journal. 816 (1): 20. arXiv:1511.01206. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/816/1/20. ISSN 0004-637X.
  15. ^ "Planet M51-ULS-1 B". 2020.
  16. ^ Crane, Leah (23 September 2020). "Astronomers may have found the first planet in another galaxy". New Scientist. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  17. ^ Di Stefano, Rosanne; Berndtsson, Julia; Urquhart, Ryan; Soria, Roberto; Kashyap, Vinay L.; Carmichael, Theron W.; Imara, Nia (2021-10-25). "A possible planet candidate in an external galaxy detected through X-ray transit". Nature Astronomy. 5 (12): 1297–1307. arXiv:2009.08987. Bibcode:2021NatAs...5.1297D. doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01495-w. ISSN 2397-3366. S2CID 256726097.
  18. ^ Reggiani, Henrique; Meléndez, Jorge (December 1, 2018). "Evidences of extragalactic origin and planet engulfment in the metal-poor twin pair HD 134439/HD 134440". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 3502–3510. arXiv:1802.07469. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.3502R. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty104. ISSN 0035-8711. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  19. ^ Horner, J.; Wittenmyer, R. A.; Hinse, T. C.; Marshall, J. P. (2014). "A dynamical investigation of the proposed BD +20 2457 system". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 439 (1): 1176–1181. arXiv:1401.2793. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.439.1176H. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu081. S2CID 54534748.
  20. ^ Perottoni, Hélio D.; Amarante, João A. S.; Limberg, Guilherme; Rocha-Pinto, Helio J.; Rossi, Silvia; Anders, Friedrich; Borbolato, Lais (May 2021). "Searching for Extragalactic Exoplanetary Systems: The Curious Case of BD+20 2457". The Astrophysical Journal. 913 (1): L3. arXiv:2104.08306. Bibcode:2021ApJ...913L...3P. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abfb06. ISSN 0004-637X.
  21. ^ "Planet from another galaxy discovered". ESO Press Release. 18 November 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  22. ^ Klement, R.; Setiawan, J.; Thomas Henning; Hans-Walter Rix; Boyke Rochau; Jens Rodmann; Tim Schulze-Hartung; MPIA Heidelberg; ESTEC (2011). "The visitor from an ancient galaxy: A planetary companion around an old, metal-poor red horizontal branch star". The Astrophysics of Planetary Systems: Formation, Structure, and Dynamical Evolution. IAU Symposium. Vol. 276. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. pp. 121–125. arXiv:1011.4938. Bibcode:2011IAUS..276..121K. doi:10.1017/S1743921311020059.
  23. ^ Jones, M. I.; Jenkins, J. S. (2014). "No evidence of the planet orbiting the extremely metal-poor extragalactic star HIP 13044". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 562: id.A129. arXiv:1401.0517. Bibcode:2014A&A...562A.129J. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322132. S2CID 55365608.
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