Jump to content

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Krishna Chaitanya" redirects here. For the Telugu lyricist, see Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist).
"Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu" redirects here. For the 1954 Hindi film, see Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (film).

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
Wooden murti of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu as Dhāmeśvara, Nabadwip[1]
Personal life
BornVishvambhara Mishra
(1486-02-18)18 February 1486
Nabadwip, Bengal Sultanate
(present-day West Bengal, India)
Died14 June 1534(1534-06-14) (aged 48)
Puri, Gajapati Empire
(present-day Odisha, India)
SpouseLakshmi Priya (first wife) and Vishnupriya
Known forExpounded Gaudiya Vaishnavism, kirtan
Religious life
ReligionHinduism
Founder ofGaudiya Vaishnavism
Achintya Bheda Abheda
PhilosophyBhakti yoga, Achintya Bheda Abheda
Religious career
GuruSwami Isvara Puri (mantra guru); Swami Kesava Bharati (sannyas guru)
Disciples

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (Bengali: মহাপ্রভু শ্রীচৈতন্য দেব; Sanskrit: चैतन्य महाप्रभु, romanized: Caitanya Mahāprabhu), born Vishvambhara Mishra (IAST: Viśvambhara Miśra[2]) (18 February 1486 – 14 June 1534[3]), was an Indian Hindu saint from Bengal and the founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. He is an incarnation of lord Krishna. Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is the Bhakt Avatar of Bhagwan Shri Krishna and the purpose of this avatar was to teach true bhakti to kaliyug people. He is a combined Avatar of goddess Radha and lord Krishna. Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu avatar is composed of Shri Krishna's soul with Shrimati Radharani's Virah bhakti bhav (feelings) and also Mahaprabhu's golden body hue is same as Shrimati Radharani. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's mode of worshipping Krishna with bhajan-kirtan and dance influenced Vaishnavism in Bengal.

He is considered the chief proponent of the Vedantic philosophy of Achintya Bheda Abheda. The concept of inconceivable difference in non-difference, known as achintya-bhedabheda, was explained later by Jiva Goswami in his book Bhagavat Sandharbha,[4] and in his Sarva-samvadini.[5]

Mahaprabhu founded Gaudiya Vaishnavism. He expounded Bhakti yoga and popularised the chanting of the Hare Krishna Maha-mantra. He composed the Shikshashtakam (eight devotional prayers).

Chaitanya is sometimes called Gauranga (IAST: Gaurāṅga) or Gaura due to his molten gold–like complexion.[6] His birthday is celebrated as Gaura-purnima.[7][8] He is also called Nimai because he was born underneath a Neem tree.[9]

Life

[edit]

The religious hagiographies of Gauḍīya sampradāya are the only sources available for the reconstruction of Chaitanya's life. These texts (in Sanskrit and Bengali), consider Chaitanya to be an avatāra of Kṛṣṇa, Svayaṁ Bhagavān, Rādhā-Kr̥ṣṇa (joint and separate), Nārāyaṇa, Viṣṇu, and Jagannātha. A canonical narrative was established in early 1600s through the Caitanya Caritāmṛta of Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja, which is regarded within the tradition as the "final word" on Gauḍīya history and theology.[10]

Birth

[edit]

Chaitanya was born in Navadvipa (in the Nadia district of West Bengal), on the evening of Friday, 18 February 1486 (27 February in some accounts).[11][12][13][14] He was born on the full moon during a lunar eclipse in the Hindu month of Phālguna.[12][15][16][17][13] . It is said that the moon himself hid on that day because an even more beautiful and divine Shri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was arriving to brighten the world. He was the tenth child of Jagannātha Miśra, a Brahmin who had emigrated from Sylhet, and his wife Śacidevī.[15][18][19][20][2] Traditional accounts state that Chaitanya was born after his parents suffered the loss of eight previous children, all daughters, who died in infancy.[13][20] His only surviving elder brother was Viśvarūpa.[13][20] At birth he was given the name Viśvambhara, though he was widely known by the nickname Nīmai.[14][13][19][21] Neighbors also called him Gauraṅga or Gaura ("fair-complexioned") due to his gold like bright skin.[21][22][23]

Paternal ancestry

[edit]

Chaitanya's father Jagannātha Miśra (also known as Purandhara Miśra) emigrated from his ancestral home in Dhakadakshin, Sylhet (modern-day Bangladesh) to Navadvipa to pursue higher education and to live on the banks of the Ganges.[13][24][25][19][26][27][28][1] Hagiographies describe his birth as a divine event and state that it predicted his future mission of propagating harināma saṃkīrtana in Kali Yuga.[1] Chaitanya's mother Śacidevī was the daughter of Nīlāmbara Chakravartī, an scholar and astrologer. Nīlāmbara Chakravartī was a fellow student of prominent scholars like Bishārada (the father of Sārvabhauma Bhaṭṭācārya).[29][15]

According to the biographer Jayānanda in the Caitanya Maṅgala, the family's deeper roots were in Jajpur, Odisha.[30] Chaitanya's paternal grandfather is said to have migrated from Jajpur to Sylhet during the reign of Kapilendra Deva around 1451 CE.[19][31] Historical records and hagiographies identify this grandfather as Upendra Miśra.[32] Some genealogical accounts trace the male line further back through Madhukar Miśra and Viśuddha Miśra.[33]

Childhood

[edit]

In his infancy, he would resportedly not stop crying unless the women of the neighborhood chanted the names of God.[16][21][23] His parents reportedly discovered the symbols of a banner, thunderbolt, conch, and discus on his feet. This led his maternal grandfather Nīlāmbara Chakravartī to predict that the child would be an extraordinary figure.[23][15]

There are several legends associated with his childhood. He was reportedly found playing with a venomous snake in his yard. On another occasion he sat on a pile of discarded cooking pots to teach his mother that nothing is impure if it is used in the service of God.[34][35][19] He was once kidnapped by two thieves to steal his gold jewelry. However, the thieves reportedly became disoriented and "bewitched" by the child that they inadvertently carried him back to his own doorstep, thinking that they were at their own destination.[36] A visiting brahmin once prepared an offering for his deity, and Chaitanya ate it. This occurred three times, after which the brahmin reportedly had a vision that the child was himself the deity to which he was worshipping and offering the prepared food.[37] He was also known to be mischievous, teasing the local girls at the riverbanks, hiding their clothes, putting seeds in their hair, and jokingly asking them to marry him.[38] He would also steal milk and rice from his neighbors, often evading capture.[39]

Education

[edit]

Chaitanya began his formal education at the age of five in a local ṭol (seminary).[23] He proved to be a child prodigy, mastering Sanskrit grammar and Navya-nyāya (neo-logic) with remarkable speed.[20][11] During the early educational years, when he was roughly six to ten years old, his older brother Viśvarūpa took saṃnyāsa and left home. For a period of time Chaitanya consoled his grieving parents.[40][18][41] Later, around the age of eleven or twelve, his father died, making him assume the responsibilities of the house.[42][43]

He continued his education under scholars such as Gaṅgādāsa Paṇḍita, Sudarśana, and Viṣṇupāda.[44][45][46][47] One legend states that he wrote an exceptionally brilliant commentary on logic. However, when he realized his work was so superior that it would eclipse the reputation of his friend Raghunātha Śiromaṇi, he threw the manuscript into the Ganges.[48][48][49] At age sixteen Chaitanya established his own ṭol (seminary) at the home of Mukunda Sañjaya. He quickly became a sought-after teacher in Navadvipa, becoming known as "Nīmai Paṇḍita".[50][22][23] Shortly after beginning his teaching career Chaitanya fell in love with Lakṣmīpriyā, daughter of Vallabhācārya, at first sight, subsequently marrying her.[22][51][14]

As time went on, his intellectual confidence turned into scholarly pride.[22] Chaitanya then embarked on a tour of East Bengal to earn wealth through teaching and debate.[23][22][52][53] He was known to be talkative and flippant, defeating senior scholars in debates and picking flaws in their logic.[54][55] He is said to have once defeated Keśava Bhaṭṭa of the Nimbārka school in a debate on Sanskrit prosody, an example of his "superhuman erudition".[1] While he was away from home, his wife Lakṣmīpriyā died from a snakebite. [56][52][53][57] Upon his return he was deeply affected by the loss. On his mother's request, he married again to Viṣṇupriyā, daughter and only child of the court scholar Sanātana Miśra.[56][58][59][60][1]

The Sankirtan movement

[edit]

Around 1508-1509 he travelled to Gaya to perform shraddha (funeral rites) for his father.[61][62][59][63][55] There he met the ascetic Ishvara Puri, and requested to get initiated by him. He was given the ten-syllable Gopala mantra and experienced a spiritual awakening.[64][61][65][20] He then returned to Navadvipa. He is said to have abandoned his scholarly pride for "rapturous devotion to Krishna". He would frequently fall into trances, crying out for God, and losing external consciousness.[61][63][12][20] Within a year he took a vow of saṃnyāsa (renunciation) from his guru, Keśava Bhāratī, and changed his name to Kr̥ṣṇa Caitanya. His mother then asked him to at least live in the city of Puri so that he would not be too far from Bengal.[1]

After his renunciation, Caitanya spent his time teaching Kr̥ṣṇa bhakti and engaging in communal saṁkīrtana. Hagiographies describe debates with followers of Advaita Vedānta and other theological opponents in form of digvijaya (conquest through debate). He spent two months in Vrindavan in c. 1515, where he instructed Sanātana Gosvāmī and Rūpa Gosvāmī. He spent the last two decades of his life in Puri, where his ecstatic seizures yearning for Kr̥ṣṇa and his consorts, mainly Rādhā, intensified. He died in c. 1528-1534.[1]

Teachings

[edit]
Main article: Gaudiya Vaishnavism § Philosophical concepts

The Śikṣāṣṭaka is the only work accepted to be composed by Caitanya. The poem expounds upon the subjects of harināmajapa, saṁkīrtana, the relationship between individual souls and Kr̥ṣṇa, devotional submission to Kr̥ṣṇa, and Caitanya's personal virahabhakti. Scholars debate the extent to which Caitanya played in the development of the complex Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava theology.[1]

According to Murari Gupta, one of Caitanya's close associates, Caitanya taught that kirtana (chanting God's name) is the most effective spiritual practice in the Kali Age. He first gathered the community for kirtana in Srivasa's courtyard.[66] Caitanya revealed bhakti as the primary means to approach Krishna, and he appointed the Goswamis, such as Srinivasa Acarya and Narottama Dasa, to gather and compose texts explaining this devotion.[67]

According to Dinesh Chandra Sen's analysis, Caitanya's teaching is centered on prema (divine love), described in Vaishnava texts as progressing through different spiritual phases.[68] Sen also states that Caitanya integrated compassionate service and taught that devotion to God is higher than social distinctions, quoting Caitanya's words "The moment that you say you love God, all human beings will be your brethren; there will be no Brahmin, no Sudra".[69]

Biographies

[edit]

Works on Chaitanya:[70][71][72]

  • Śrī Kṛṣṇa Caitanya Caritāmṛtam[73][74][75][76][77]: Composed around 1535 CE by Murari Gupta (also known as Murari Guptera Kadacha) and is recognized as the earliest available Sanskrit biography of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, focusing primarily on his early life in Navadvipa while portraying him as a divine incarnation of Lord Vishnu.[78][79][80]
  • Kadcha or chronicle (Sanskrit): By Svarupa Damodara. He was the personal secretary of Chaitanya. Details the life of Caitanya.
  • Govindadaser Kadcha (Bengali): By Govinda Dāsa who accompanied Chaitanya on his tour of Deccan. This poem describes their experiences on the journey and some imaginary events in the life of Chaitanya as well as his ideas and philosophy. It is another significant biographical work, but it was regarded as controversial because of the authenticity.
  • Krsna-Caitanya-caritra-mahakavya (c. 1535): By Kavi Karnapura (Paramanand Sen).
  • Krsna-Caitanya-candrodaya-natakam (c. 1535 – 1570s): By Kavi Karnapura. Based on Murari Gupta's Krsna-Caitanya-Caritamrta. When Karnapura was a small child, he interacted with Chaitanya personally.
  • Caitanya-candrodaya-natakam (c. 1538 or 1540 or 1572 or 1579; Sanskrit): By Kavi Karnapura (Paramanand Sen). Dramatic play in ten acts of Chaitanya's life.
  • Caitanya-caritāmṛta-kavya (c. 1542 – late 1500s; Sanskrit): By Kavi Karnapura (Paramanand Sen). A long biographical poem on Chaitanya's life and acts.
  • Caitanya-caritāmṛta (c. 1557 or 1580 or 1615; Bengali): By Krishnadasa Kaviraja. Three parts: Adi-lila, Madhya-lila, and Antya-lila. Massive authoritative composition of Chaitanya's biography and teachings. According to Manring, he draws liberally from previous writers (poets, theologians and biographers) as he deems correct, omitting Kavi Karnapura's works perceived as threatening Rupa's authority.
  • Caitanya-Mangala (c. 1560 or late 1500s; Bengali): By Jayananda. Nine parts: Adikhanda, Nadiyakhanda, Vairagyakhanda, Sannyaskhanda, Utkalkhanda, Prakashkhanda, Tirthakhanda, Vijaykhanda, and Uttarkhanda. Biographical poem in the form of a narrative play focused on Chaitanya's godly image. It is the only work in which his death is mentioned. Introduction mentions several previous biographers, of whom only Vrindavan is known. Written for the common people (not devotees).
  • Chaitanya Mangala (c. 1560–66 or 1575): By Lochana Dasa (a.k.a. Trilocan Dasa). Four parts: Sutrakhanda, Adikhanda, Madhyakhanda, and Antyakhanda. A narrative play depicting Chaitanya's childhood activities and his human side without highlighting any divine matters to make it popular. Influenced by Murari Gupta's Krsna-Caitanya-Caritamrta and Vrindavana Dasa Thakura's Chaitanya Bhagavata as well as the Mahabharata and different Puranas.
  • Chaitanya-chandrodaya-kaumudi (Bengali): By Premadas (Purushottam Mishra). A verse adaptation to Kavi Karnapura's Caitanya-candrodaya-natakam drama.
  • Gaura-ganoddesha-dipika (c. 1576): By Kavi Karnapura (Paramanand Sen).
  • Chaitanya-samhita (Bengali): By Bhagirath Bandhu. Work follows the tradition of agama or tantric texts in its presentation as a story told by Shiva to his spouse.
  • Chaitanya-vilasa (c. 1500s; Odia): By Madhava Dasa. A short poetical work in ten sections dealing with the life of Chaitanya. The poet probably came into contact with the saint when the latter came to Puri.
  • Gauranga-vijay (c. 1500s): By Chundamani dasa. Biographical epic, believed to have been written in three volumes, only part of the first volume still exists. It contains some information about Chaitanya, Nityananda and Madhavendra Puri not found elsewhere.
  • Sriman-mahaprabhor-asta-kaliya-lila-smarana-mangala-stotram (c. late 1600s; Sanskrit): By Visvanatha Chakravarti. Eleven sutras (seed verses) describing the eternal eight-fold daily pastimes of the fair-complexioned Lord.
  • Sri Gauranga-Lilamrta (c. late 1600s – 1700s; Bengali): By Krishna Dasa (disciple of Visvanatha Chakravarti). Expounded on his guru's eleven sutras, often quoting verses from Vrindavana Dasa Thakura's Chaitanya Bhagavata, plus songs by Narahari Ghanashyama (author of Bhakti-Ratnakara) and Lochana Dasa (author of Chaitanya-Mangala).
  • Caitanya-upanisad: A book that is a part of the Atharvaveda which offers overwhelming evidence of Chaitanya's identity as the Supreme Lord and Yuga Avatara.
  • Sri Caitanya-caranamrta Bhasva (1887): By Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakura. Commentary on an original handwritten manuscript of the Caitanya-upanisad from one pandita, Madhusudana Maharaja, of Sambala-Pura.
  • Amrita-pravaha-bhashya (c. late 1800s – early 1900s; Sanskrit): By Bhaktivinoda Thakur. Commentary on Caitanya-upanisad.
  • Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta (1974; English): By A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami in English with original Bengali and Sanskrit. Commentary on Krishnadasa Kaviraja's Caitanya-caritāmṛta, based on Bhaktivinoda Thakur's Amrita-pravaha-bhashya and Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati's Anubhāsya commentaries.
  • Krishna-Caitanya, His Life and His Teachings (2014; English; ISBN 978-91-981318-1-9): By Walther Eidlitz, originally written in German - Kṛṣṇa-Caitanya: sein Leben und seine Lehre, and published by Stockholm University, 1968, as a part of the scientific series "Stockholm studies in comparative religion".

Cultural legacy

[edit]
See also: Bengal Renaissance

The cultural legacy of Chaitanya is defined by a socio-religious revival that reshaped the literary theological, and social landscape of Eastern India and beyond.[12][81] Though he left only eight verses in writing, the movement he inspired produced an array of philosophical and aesthetic literature.[82][83]

Noted Bengali biographical film on Chaitanya, Nilachaley Mahaprabhu (1957), was directed by Kartik Chattopadhyay (1912–1989).[84] A Bengali film based on Chaitanya's demise, Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey (2025), is directed by Srijit Mukherji.[85]

Image gallery

[edit]
  • Kisangarh painting of Chaitanya dancing in a puddle of his own tears, surrounded by followers, c. 1750.
    Kisangarh painting of Chaitanya dancing in a puddle of his own tears, surrounded by followers, c. 1750.
  • Chaitanya with a dog, Murshidabad, 19th century CE
    Chaitanya with a dog, Murshidabad, 19th century CE
  • A white ornate structure with a pyramidal pointed dome standing on the bank of a pond and surrounded by trees
    Yogapith temple at Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's birthsite established in the 1880s by Bhaktivinoda Thakur in Mayapur, West Bengal
  • Nineteenth century lithograph by Calcutta Art Studio of Caitanya and Nityānanda performing a kirtan in the streets of Nabadwip, Bengal.
    Nineteenth century lithograph by Calcutta Art Studio of Caitanya and Nityānanda performing a kirtan in the streets of Nabadwip, Bengal.
  • Pratap Rudra bowing to Chaitanya, an early 20th century print copy of a painting held by the family of Maharaja Nandakumar, Zamindars of Kunjaghata
    Pratap Rudra bowing to Chaitanya, an early 20th century print copy of a painting held by the family of Maharaja Nandakumar, Zamindars of Kunjaghata
  • Deities of Sri Sri Radha Madhava, Jagannath, Balarama, Subhadra and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (in middle), at the ISKCON Durgapur Temple.
    Deities of Sri Sri Radha Madhava, Jagannath, Balarama, Subhadra and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (in middle), at the ISKCON Durgapur Temple.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Valpey 2018.
  2. ^ a b Stewart 2012.
  3. ^ Delmonico 2007, p. 549.
  4. ^ Dasa 2007, p. 377-378.
  5. ^ Gupta 2007, p. 46.
  6. ^ Deccan Herald 2006.
  7. ^ Krishna.com 2008.
  8. ^ GiveGita 2020.
  9. ^ KCM Archive 2008.
  10. ^ Stewart 2014.
  11. ^ a b Bryant 2007, p. 373.
  12. ^ a b c d Carney 2020, p. 2.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Sarkar 1913, p. ix.
  14. ^ a b c Sherbow 2004, p. 65.
  15. ^ a b c d Basu 2013, p. 6.
  16. ^ a b Dubey 2007, p. 69.
  17. ^ Gahan 2003, p. 48.
  18. ^ a b Sarkar 1913, p. ix-x.
  19. ^ a b c d e Sethy 2015, p. 9.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Sherbow 2004, p. 66.
  21. ^ a b c Basu 2013, p. 7.
  22. ^ a b c d e Sarkar 1913, p. x.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Sethy 2015, p. 10.
  24. ^ Basu 2012, p. 6.
  25. ^ Das 2021, p. 146.
  26. ^ Gahan 2003, p. 49.
  27. ^ Sen 1922, p. 125.
  28. ^ Nair 2007, p. 87.
  29. ^ Sarkar 1913, p. ix-x, xviii, 196.
  30. ^ Gahan 2003, p. 50, 174-175.
  31. ^ Gahan 2003, p. 49-50.
  32. ^ Misra 2007, p. 68.
  33. ^ Gahan 2003, p. 176.
  34. ^ Basu 2013, p. 7, 172.
  35. ^ Dubey 2007, p. 70.
  36. ^ Basu 2013, p. 8, 169.
  37. ^ Basu 2013, p. 87, 169-170.
  38. ^ Basu 2013, p. 10, 88.
  39. ^ Basu 2013, p. 8, 10, 169.
  40. ^ Gahan 2003, p. 50.
  41. ^ Sherbow 2004, p. 65-67.
  42. ^ Basu 2013, p. 13.
  43. ^ Gahan 2003, p. 51-52.
  44. ^ Basu 2013, p. 14, 178.
  45. ^ Dubey 2007, p. 73.
  46. ^ Gahan, 2003 & p-50-51.
  47. ^ Manring 2005, p. 175.
  48. ^ a b Basu 2013, p. 14.
  49. ^ Manring 2005, p. 184.
  50. ^ Gahan 2003, p. 51.
  51. ^ Dubey 2007, p. 75.
  52. ^ a b Gahan 2003, p. 52.
  53. ^ a b Basu 2013, p. 18.
  54. ^ Gahan 2003, p. 75.
  55. ^ a b Sethy 2015, p. 11.
  56. ^ a b Sarkar 1913, p. x-xi.
  57. ^ Sherbow 2004, p. 65-66.
  58. ^ Basu 2013, p. 20.
  59. ^ a b Gahan 2003, p. 53-54.
  60. ^ Manring 2005, p. 178.
  61. ^ a b c Basu 2013, p. 22.
  62. ^ Carney 2020, p. 2-3.
  63. ^ a b Manring 2005, p. 30.
  64. ^ Manring 2005, p. 30, 178.
  65. ^ Gahan 2003, p. 53.
  66. ^ Stewart 2010, p. 102, 108.
  67. ^ Stewart 2010, p. 5.
  68. ^ Sen 1922, p. 266-276.
  69. ^ Sen 1922, p. 276-283.
  70. ^ Mukherjee 1999, pp. 65–66, 174, 280.
  71. ^ Manring 2005, pp. 34–42, 44.
  72. ^ Sarma 2015, pp. 253–255.
  73. ^ Basu 2013, p. 6, 49, 55, 62.
  74. ^ Das 2021, p. 30, 31.
  75. ^ Gahan 2003, p. 42, 75.
  76. ^ Mishra 2007, p. 24, 73, 154.
  77. ^ Nabanita 2013, p. 48-50.
  78. ^ Gahan 2003, p. 41.
  79. ^ Manring 2005, p. 30, 34.
  80. ^ Sarma 2015, p. 253.
  81. ^ Sethy 2015, p. 14.
  82. ^ Gupta 2007, p. 6-7.
  83. ^ Bryant 2007, p. 374.
  84. ^ Sur & Goswami 1999, p. 96.
  85. ^ Chakraborty 2021.

Sources

[edit]

Books and book chapters

[edit]
  • Bryant, Edwin F., ed. (2007). Krishna: A Sourcebook. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514891-6.
  • Sen, Dinesh Chandra (1922). Chaitanya and His Age. Robarts - University of Toronto. Calcutta, University of Calcutta.
  • Stewart, Tony K. (2014). "Caitanya". Oxford Bibliographies Online in Hinduism.

Encyclopedias and reference works

[edit]
  • Valpey, Kenneth (2018). "Caitanya". In Jacobsen, Knut A.; Basu, Helene; Malinar, Angelika; Narayanan, Vasudha (eds.). Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online. Calcutta: Brill.

Theses

[edit]

News articles

[edit]

Websites and online articles

[edit]
  • "KCM Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 24 April 2008. They named Him Nimai, as he was born under a neem tree.

Official statements

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]

{{columns-list|


External links

See als o

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu&oldid=1357237162"