Suppose you have been offered a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity: you could be one of just 20 people to start a new offshoot of humanity – a permanent and self-sustaining colony on Mars. Most people don’t get that chance, so that’s the good news. But there is also the bad news.
First, you cannot change your mind. There is no coming back. Once there, you’re there for the rest of your life, like it or not. This makes technical sense. It is hard to get something all the way to Mars, and the spaceship will have to carry not only the colonists themselves, but also everything they need to build a self-sustaining, permanent habitat. It would be technically much more challenging and expensive to to carry along the fuel, extra hardware, and so on needed for a return trip. Besides, since the purpose is a permanent colony, what would be the point? Probably even the ship itself would be repurposed to be part of the colony habitat, since flying it back would not be planned. Repurposing the ship would only be a starting point, however. The colonists would need to build and deploy sealed glass domes to grow crops in or, alternatively, more efficient insulated glass-topped tanks to grow algae and perhaps fish in. Manufacturing equipment would also need to be brought along capable of producing the materials needed for the colony, such as the glass for domes and tanks.
Another piece of bad news you are informed of is that there is a 20% chance of mission failure. That cold phrase hides a stark reality: it means everyone dies. If something goes seriously wrong in the colony, it is unlikely that the folks back on Earth could help. (Would it really be 20%? It’s just a guess, but little more than a guess is all that is possible for something so unprecedented as this mission.)
Before making your decision to go or not, also keep in mind that even if everything goes as planned, living on Mars will most likely be cramped, crowded, and aside from the occasional space-suited jaunt into a barren, dull reddish landscape, desolate from horizon to horizon, there would be no chance to get away from things for awhile. If you go, it is because the idea is exciting, not because daily life will be better than on Earth, because it won’t be.
On the other hand, modern hand-held computers loaded with everything from games to wikipedia could be brought that would satisfy an unlimited thirst for that sort of diversion. Some sort of access to the web is certainly possible as well via radio communication with Earth, thus rendering the term “World Wide Web” not only incorrect, but extremely parochial. Interplanetary Web, anyone? Imagine growing up in such a tiny, isolated outlier society with one’s understanding of Earth and all it contains obtained from a computer. This will be the impoverished experience of the next generation colonists, born and bred on Mars, indeed, genuine Martians. And even that modest window on Earth needs electronic devices, which will eventually break and be difficult to repair, although shipment from Earth of small, lightweight digital components might be a possibility, especially if a trading relationship were established. There would certainly be a market here on Earth for at least a small number of high-priced Martian rocks and the like. It might also be possible to jury-rig access to at least some basics on the Web like static text documents with homegrown electronics, especially if a portal for this was built here on Earth.
In any case, a cool-headed assessment suggests the quality of life on Mars would be a lot lower than life here on Earth for the typical reader. So. Would you volunteer, or not?
Informal polling shows that a large majority of college-age males would go for it, provided enough females were going too. But females are often more wary, viewing the downsides with a more jaundiced eye. Your mileage may vary, but it seems clear that of all the problems in putting together a one-way group tour to the red planet, finding takers is not one of them.
Teeming cities. A 20-person colony is not a teeming city, though it may be teeming enough, with living space scarce due to the difficulty and expense of building each new square foot of high tech, hermetically sealed, oxygenated habitat for housing colonists and growing food. Large domes containing crops would be nice, but much smaller tanks of algae and (hopefully) fish might be more technically realistic. Expensive or not, however, square footage will need to be constructed because, unless the colony is heading for failure, children will be born and the colony will grow.
Natural growth rates for human societies vary, but are generally under 5% per year. Overall, world population is currently growing by about 1% per year. Let’s assume for a moment that our Martian colony experiences a growth rate averaging 1% per year. How long do you think it would take for the original 20-person colony to expand into a vigorous town of 1,000 people… 100 years? 500? 1,000? 5,000? The answer can be readily found with a calculator or spreadsheet: just 394 years. How long for the original colony to become 10 million Martians – a teeming city or, more likely, a few? Take a moment to guess. Just in case you did want to guess, I’ll write the answer out next, but spelled out backwards so you don’t read it by accident. .sraey neves ythgie dnasuoht eno erem A
Why stop at 10 million? Population growth on Earth didn’t, and there is no reason why it would on Mars either. A burning question then becomes, when will Mars pass its capacity and tip into overpopulation? If capacity is 10 billion people, er, Martians, it would pass that point, starting from the original 20 colonists, in only 2014 years. Here on Earth, the road to 10 billion has already taken a lot longer than that. How long? The question is unanswerable because we don’t know when the process started. Even if we had a full fossil record, it would make no sense to say the the population was not human before some time point, but human immediately thereafter. Perhaps a rough date could be assigned based on when the mutation(s) that enabled language occurred, assuming they occurred in rapid succession as part of an evolutionarily sudden selective sweep, pervading the population over a span of, say, a few thousand or so years. The FOX2P (forkhead box P2) gene has been suggested as key in this, though necessarily indirectly since, being a transcription factor gene, its function is regulating other genes. Even if this is eventually proven, such as by grafting it into a chimpanzee genome and observing dramatic improvement in chimp language skills, it seems unlikely that its first appearance in protohumans could ever be timed. We do know that humans and chimpanzees branched off from a common ancestral species at least 4 million years go, suggesting a long-ago starting point. On the other hand, the surprisingly low genetic diversity of humans (compared to most species) suggests we “began” (in a sense) at the time of a much more recent population bottleneck and have not yet accumulated the mutations needed for much genomic diversity. The Toba supervolcano eruption about 73,000 years ago has been proposed as this starting point, by causing a multi-year volcanic winter from throwing so much dust and smoke into the atmosphere. On this view, populations of protohumans were devastated, leaving only a small community alive. That group then expanded, sweeping across the world. Adding in a modest amount of Neanderthal blood (up to 4% im much of the world), and factoring in the evolutionary changes since them, we get the human race.
Whether human colonization of Earth began 73,000 years ago, several million, or something in between, it is clearly taking a lot longer to reach a population of 10 billion here on Earth than it would on Mars, given 1% annual population growth. This is due to the scourge of infectious disease – pestilence – as well as other privations. Without those curbs, populations have been often observed to expand at rates in the 3-4%/year range. So our 1% growth rate assumption for Mars may be too low. Let’s assume growth of 3.5% instead, and see what happens.
Now our lively little town of 1,000 happens not in 394 years, but in a mere 114 years. 394 years gives us, not a town of 1,000 as before, but a teeming city of over 15 million inhabitants! A mere 583 years suffices to hit the 10 billion mark.
What Martians can do. Without uncontrolled infectious diseases to contend with, Martians will be in a good position to quickly populate their new world. Food production and other necessary technologies will be solved problems right from the beginning, or the colony could not even get off the ground. Thus, overpopulation is a real issue for Martians who seek to keep their planet as pleasant a home as possible.
What you are reading now may well be available to the Martians as well. Given the surprisingly short time scales involved, even paper could last long enough. I advise the Martians to keep in mind the experience of societies on Earth, that a high standard of living in conjunction with readily available contraception can be major factors in holding back unrestrained population growth and resultant overpopulation. Conversely, a good standard of living can be promoted by keeping population in check so that plenty of Martian resources are available to everyone. Our planet may be humankind’s first step to colonizing the cosmos. It would be best to make the experience of Mars and her teeming cities a template for colonization of the solar system and the stars beyond.
References
“The FOX2P (forkhead box P2) gene has been suggested as key in this…”: S.E. Fisher and C. Scharff, FOXP2 as a molecular window into speech and language, Trends in Genetics, vol. 25, no. 4, 2009, pp. 166-177.