Methods of Argumentation Argumentation, which can be abstractly defined as the interaction of different arguments for and against some conclusion, is an important skill to learn for everyday life, law, science, politics, and business. The best way to learn it is to try it out on real instances of arguments found in everyday conversational exchanges and legal argumentation. The introductory chapter of this book gives a clear general idea of what the methods of argumentation are and how they work as tools that can be used to analyze arguments. Each subsequent chapter then applies these methods to a leading problem of argumentation. Today the field of computing has embraced argumentation as a paradigm for research in artificial intelligence and multi-agent systems. Another purpose of this book is to present and refine tools and techniques from computing as components of the methods that can be handily used by scholars in other fields. |
Contents
Argument Attack Rebuttal Refutation and Defeat | 27 |
Arguments with Missing Parts | 63 |
The Free Animals Example | 73 |
The Global Warming Example | 76 |
The Yogurt Example | 78 |
The Signal Light Example | 82 |
Lessons Learned from the Examples | 86 |
Refining the Notion of an Argument | 88 |
Arguments from Classification and Definition | 130 |
Similarity | 133 |
Scripts and Stories | 136 |
Modeling the Sequence Template as a Story Scheme | 138 |
Dialectical Aspects of Argument from Analogy | 140 |
Two Other Test Cases and Their Implications | 143 |
Reconfiguring the Schemes | 147 |
Conclusions | 151 |
Conclusions | 91 |
Applying Argumentation Schemes | 93 |
Teaching Students of Informal Logic How to Identify Arguments | 94 |
Review of Argumentation Schemes | 97 |
Schemes for Practical Reasoning and Arguments from Consequences | 101 |
The Sunk Costs Argument | 104 |
Slippery Slope Arguments | 107 |
Classification of Schemes | 109 |
Research on Argument Mining in Artificial Intelligence | 112 |
Identification Requirements for Types of Arguments | 115 |
Argument Mining as an Informal Logic Method | 119 |
Conclusions | 121 |
Similarity Precedent and Argument from Analogy | 122 |
The Wild Animal Cases and the Baseball Case | 123 |
Arguments from Analogy and Precedent in Law | 125 |
Teleological Argumentation to and from Motives | 154 |
Some Short Examples and an Introductory Survey | 155 |
Relevance of Motive Evidence and Character Evidence | 159 |
Inference to the Best Explanation | 160 |
Stories and Explanations | 162 |
Who Shot the Sheriff? | 165 |
Going from Argument to Explanation to Motive | 168 |
Matters of Argument Evaluation | 170 |
Wigmores Theory | 175 |
The Carneades Model of Scientific Discovery and Inquiry | 181 |
Fallacies Heuristics and Sophistical Tactics | 212 |
The Straw Man Fallacy | 249 |
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Common terms and phrases
abductive reasoning accepted action agent analysis analyze applied argu arguer argument diagram argument from analogy argument from expert argument from ignorance argument from precedent argument map argumentation schemes argumentation stage artificial intelligence burden of proof Carneades case-based reasoning chapter claim classified commitment set critical questions matching defeasible argument defeasible reasoning discovery dialogue enthymeme evaluated evidence example expert opinion explanation form of argument goal hypothesis implicit premises incomplete arguments inference informal fallacies informal logic inquiry dialogue kind lead to violence ment Mochales modus ponens motive move notion opening stage original argument party persuasion dialogue position to know practical reasoning Prakken problem proponent proposition prove put forward rebuttal Reed and Macagno refutation represent respondent retraction rules scheme for argument shown in Figure similar speech acts standard of proof statement story scheme straw man fallacy structure text of discourse tion Tweety type of argument type of dialogue video games